äàîú ðçùôú: äàåöøåú äàáåãéí ùì éäåãé úéîï  

@ äøá/îåøé éçéà îñìàí æö"ì @

@ îåøé éçéà îñìàí, äáøéç îñôø ñôøéí çâåøéí ìîúðéå åìîúðé
éìãéå áöòéôéí øçáé îéãåú, îúåê çùù ùàðùé äñåëðåú ùì÷çå
îîðå àú øåá ñôøéå ëåìì ñôøé úåøä åëúáé éã òúé÷éí áòãï.
îúáøø ùäñôø/ñéãåø äîö"á, ëúåá áöåøä ùàéðä îùúîòú ìùðé ôðéí.

@ úôéìú äúå÷ò ùì äøîá"í, ùëúá ìéäãåú úéîï áùðú úú÷ë"ä-1165,
äúôéìä ðëúáä ìúå÷ò/ùìéç äöéáåø ùúå÷ò áùåôø, åëê îúçéìä äúôéìä:
"àó òì ôé ùú÷éòú ùåôø áøàù äùðä âéæøú äëúåá, øîæ éù áå.
ëìåîø, òåøå òåøå éùðéí îùéðúëí. åä÷éöå ðøãîéí îúøãîúëí,
åçôùå áîòùéëí, åæéëøå áåøàëí, åçéæøå áúùåáä...."
{ñåó öéèåè, ò"ø á÷åáõ ùìôðéê}

@ "ã"ø îùä ðçåí ùåìç øîæ áøåø, ìàðùé äîîñã åìäðäìú äñåëðåú
åäâ'åééðè, ùéçùáå òì äîòùéí ùòùå ìòéãä äúéîðéú åéçæéøå àú äâæì.

@ ìäååé éãåò, ùäñôø äîö"á, ðëúá áëúá éã úéîðéú, ùñãø äúôéìä
àéðå ãåîä ìñéãåøé äúôéìä ùàðå îúôììéí áäí äéåí.
ãäééðå: "ñãø äúôéìä áú÷åôú äøîá"í, àéðä æää áîéãä ùååä ìñãø
äúôéìä ùì éîéðå."

@ ääùôòä äâãåìä ùì äøîá"í, ùäùôéòä òì éäãåú úéîï, ðáòä, îäìéîåã
ùäøîá"í ìîã áîöøéí áòéø "ðåà àîåï = ñëðãøéä = àìëñðãøéä, àöì
îåøå åøáå äúéîðé, äîìåîã "øáðå éçéà àéáï îåñà òéîøï æö"ì".

"åáà ìöéåï âåàì åìùáé ôùò áéò÷á ðàåí ä'...."

áè÷ñ éå÷øàå ÷èòéí îëúáéå ùì éöç÷ áï öáé åëï ééùàå ãáøéí ðùéà äîãéðä îùä ÷öá åîðäì éã éöç÷ áï öáé.

éöç÷ áï öáé ðåìã áé"ç áëñìéå úøî"ä, 24.11.84 áòéø ôåìèáä áàå÷øéàðä. äåà ðáçø ìðùéà äîãéðä á- 8.12.52, åëéäï ëðùéà òã éåí îåúå.

áùðú 1907 òìä áï öáé ìàøõ. äåà äéä îîééñãé "áø âéåøà" åàâåãú "äùåîø" (1909). áîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä äâìå äùìèåðåú äòåúîàðéí àåúå åàú áï âåøéåï îï äàøõ áùì ôòéìåúí äöéåðéú, åäí ä÷éîå áàøöåú äáøéú àú úðåòú "äçìåõ". áùðú 1918 äâéòå áï öáé åáï âåøéåï ìîöøéí åîùí ìàøõ ëçáøé äâãåã äòáøé áöáà äáøéèé.

áï öáé äéä îîééñãé àøâåï "ääâðä" åääñúãøåú äëììéú áùðú 1920.

áùðú 1931 ðáçø ëéåùá øàù äååòã äìàåîé. á- 1947 ééñã àú äîëåï ìç÷ø ÷äéìåú éùøàì áîæøç, ùð÷øà "îëåï áï öáé".

ëì çééå ãâì áï öáé áöðéòåú, åìëï áéú äðùéà áéøåùìéí äéä öøéó òõ öðåò.

éöç÷ áï öáé ôúç àú áéú äðùéà ìëì äáà ôòîééí áùðä, áçåì äîåòã ñåëåú åáéåí äòöîàåú, îñåøú äîîùéëä òã äéåí.

îöáä äëñôé åäðéäåìé ùì àâåãú äñåôøéí äòáøéí àéðå îàôùø ìä ìäîùéê ìúôòì àú äîëåï, ùîëéì ëùéùä îéìéåï ôøéèéí îï äñôøåú äòáøéú á-250 äùðéí äàçøåðåú

http://grm.m.walla.co.il/w/w-200/7308-4.jpg

îëåï âðæéí, àøëéåï ñôøåúé çùåá äùééê ìàâåãú äñåôøéí äòáøéí åîåôòì áàîöòåúä, òùåé ìòáåø ìðéäåìå ùì âðæê äîãéðä, áùì îöáä äëñôé åäðéäåìé ùì àâåãú äñåôøéí. áò÷áåú äçìèú øùí äòîåúåú ìáèì àú àéùåø äðéäåì äú÷éï ùì äàâåãä, àéï àôùøåú ìäòáéø àìéä ú÷öéáéí. áçùáåï äàâåãä àéï ú÷öéá, ìîøåú äòåáãä ùáçåãùéí äàçøåðéí äåòáø àìéå ëñó îîùøã äúøáåú. òåáãé äàâåãä àéðí î÷áìéí àú ùëøí îàæ àåâåñè. àú îùëåøú éåìé äòáéø îùøã äúøáåú áàåôï çã ôòîé éùéøåú àì äòåáãéí, ùìà ãøê äàâåãä.

áéîéí àìä îîùéê øùí äòîåúåú ìç÷åø àú ãøëé ðéäåì äàâåãä áçåãùéí àçøåðéí, åëï ðáã÷ äçùã ùîçùáåï äàâåãä ðòìîå éåúø î-500 àìó ù÷ì, ùéåòãå òì éãé îùøã äúøáåú ìùéîåø îëåï âðæéí.

áùðéí äàçøåðåú äéãøãø îöáå ùì âðæéí, åäåçìè ìôòåì ìîòï ùéîåøå. âðæéí îëéì ëùéùä îéìéåï ôøéèéí îï äñôøåú äòáøéú á-250 äùðéí äàçøåðåú, åáäí ñôøéí åëúáé éã ùì çùåáé äñåôøéí äòáøéí. äîëåï, ùàçøàé ìàéñåó åùéîåø çåîøéí àìä, ñáì îçåñø ú÷öéá ùä÷ùä àú äîùê ôòéìåúå. òì ôé ùúé çååú ãòú ùäæîéðä àâåãú äñåôøéí îîùøãé àãøéëìéí, îöá äáèéçåú ùì äàøëéåï îçééá ùéôåõ, åäáðééï ìà òåîã áñèðãøèéí ùì òåîñé àøëéåï. äìðú ùëøí ùì òåáãé äàøëéåï î÷ùä òì äîùê òáåãúí. áðåñó, àéï àôùøåú ëñôéú ìäîùéê áôøåé÷è äñøé÷ä ùì çì÷ îäñôøéí áàøëéåï äîëåï, ùäçì ìôðé ëùðä.

áò÷áåú ñãøú ãéåðéí ôðéîééí åäúééòöåéåú ù÷ééí îùøã äúøáåú òí ñåôøéí áåìèéí òì òúéãå ùì âðæéí, ðð÷èéí ëòú ëîä öòãéí. òåáãé äîùøã äúá÷ùå òì éãé ùø äúøáåú îúï åéìðàé ìùúó ôòåìä òí äç÷éøä ùì øùí äòîåúåú åìäúòãëï áëì ùìá áç÷éøä. áðåñó ðáã÷ú äàôùøåú ìäòáéø ìòåáãé äàâåãä áàåôï éùéø âí àú îùëåøú àåâåñè, àó ùìà îú÷ééîéí éçñé òåáã-îòáéã áéï äîùøã ìòåáãé äàâåãä.

àúîåì ñééø îðäì àøëéåï äîãéðä, îùä îåñ÷, ááéú äñåôø áúì àáéá, ùáå ôåòìéí àâåãú äñåôøéí åàøëéåï âðæéí. áùáåò äáà éåçìè ñåôéú àí æëåéåú äðéäåì ùì âðæéí éåòáøå îøùåú äàâåãä ìøùåú âðæê äîãéðä. "àðçðå òåùéí îàîöéí ìäöéì àú îëåï âðæéí, ëãé ùäú÷öéá äîéåòã ìå éâéò àìéå, åìà ééòìí áöéðåøåú ùì àâåãú äñåôøéí", àåîø îåñ÷. "äàøëéåï ðîöà áîöá ùì äæðçä çîåøä ìòåîú äùðéí ä÷åãîåú. ùðé äãáøéí ùöøéëéí ìäéòùåú áãçéôåú äí ùéîåø ôéæé ùì äçåîø äàøëéåðé åñøé÷ä àåôèéú ùì äçåîø åäòáøúå ìîãéä ãéâéèìéú".

òì äôø÷ òåîãåú ëîä àôùøåéåú äðåâòåú ìòúéãå ùì âðæéí. òì ôé àôùøåú àçú, úå÷í òîåúä ùúëìåì âí àú öååú òåáãé âðæéí åúðäì àú äàøëéåï, áðôøã îàâåãú äñåôøéí. òì ôé àôùøåú ðåñôú, ú÷öéá âðæéí éîùéê ìäâéò îîùøã äúøáåú àì àâåãú äñåôøéí åéôòì áôé÷åç îúîéã ùì àøëéåï äîãéðä. àôùøåú ùìéùéú äéà ùäàøëéåï éåòáø ìèéôåìå åðéäåìå ùì àøëéåï äîãéðä, åàó éåòáø ìáðééï àøëéåï äîãéðä áùëåðú úìôéåú áéøåùìéí.
http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//145352

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éöç÷ éò÷á. "äúðäâåú äîàáèçéí - úòåãú òðéåú ìîãéðä" (áåö'ö'å)

ðùéà áéäî"ù äîçåæé áú"à äúéø ìúà"ì (îéì') éò÷á, ùðàùí áîñéøú îéãò ñåãé ìâåøí ìà îåñîê, áé÷åøéí úçú ôé÷åç åôâéùåú áéçéãåú òí àùúå; îúç áé÷åøú òì äîãéðä òì èòðåúéä ðâãå

ðùéà áéú äîùôè äîçåæé áúì àáéá îúç äáå÷ø áé÷åøú çøéôä òì äîãéðä áòðééï èòðåúéä ðâã úà"ì (îéì') éöç÷ éò÷á. áéï äéúø, ÷áò äùåôè ëé òì ôé äúøùîåúå àéï ìåîø ùäðàùí ôòì áàåôï æãåðé òì îðú ìôâåò ááéèçåï äîãéðä åîòåìí ìà ùéååä áðôùå ëé îéùäå òìåì ìøàåú áå ñëðä ìáéèçåï äîãéðä. äùåôè ðòúø çì÷éú ìá÷ùúå ùì éò÷á ìùðåú àú úðàé îòöø äáéú áå äåà ðúåï áîìåï "àôøåôå" ááéú äçåìéí ùéáà áúì äùåîø.

äùåôè âí ÷áò ëé ìàçø ùçìó æîï øá îàæ ùäåùí áîòöø áéú îìà ááéú äîìåï ÷îä ìä äæëåú ìùðåú àú îòöø äáéú åäðàùí äöãé÷ àú äàîåï ùðéúï áå. ìëï äåà øàåé ìàîåï ðåñó.

áéï äùàø äúéø äùåôè ìðàùí ìäôçéú àú îñôø îàáèçéå îàøáòä ìùðééí, àéôùø ìå âéùä çåôùéú ìàøëéåðéí åìâðæê äîãéðä, åäúéø ìå áé÷åøéí úçú ôé÷åç ùì éãéãéí åîëøéí åëï ìùäåú áéçéãåú òí áú æåâúå.

äùåôè îúç áé÷åøú òì äîãéðä âí òì ëê ùäòðéùä àú éò÷á ëùìçõ àú éãå ùì îëø åúé÷ ùðú÷ì áå áîñãøåðåú áéú äîùôè. äùåôè ëúá òì äúðäâåú äîãéðä áòðééï æä: "äúðäâåú äîàáèçéí åàðùé äáéèçåï áðåùà æä äéðä úòåãú òðéåú ìîùéáä (äîãéðä) åàéï áä ëãé ìäòéã ãáø àìà òì ðå÷ùåú åäéòãø äôòìú ëì ùé÷åì ãòú îöã àðùé äáéèçåï îèòîä".

éò÷á, ùòîã áøàù éçéãä ùôéúçä àîöòé ìçéîä ñåãééí, òåîã ìãéï ááéú äîùôè äîçåæé áúì àáéá òì îñéøú îéãò ñåãé ìâåøîéí áìúé îåñîëéí, ìøáåú òéúåðàé, áëååðä ìôâåò ááéèçåï äîãéðä. îùôèå îúðäì áãìúééí ñâåøåú.
http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//145564

16/10/2001

ã"ø èåáéä ôøéìéðâ, àùø ðéäì áîùê ëùîåðä ùðéí àú äîøëæ ìîåøùú áï âåøéåï áàåðéáøñéèú áï âåøéåï, îåðä áéîéí àìä ìúô÷éã âðæ äîãéðä. âðæ äîãéðä îåô÷ã òì äúéòåã ääéñèåøé ùì îãéðú éùøàì, òì äøùåîåú äöéáåøéåú äðåöøåú áàåôï ùåèó áîùøãé äîîùìä åùìåçåúéäí, òì îòøê äàøëéåðéí áàøõ, òì ùîéøä åáéöåò çå÷ äàøëéåðéí, åòì àáèçú ëì ä÷ùåø áæëåú äöéáåøé ìãòú. âðæ äîãéðä åàøëéåï äîãéðä ôåòìéí áîñâøú ìùëú øàù äîîùìä.

ã"ø ôøéìéðâ ðéäì áùãä áå÷ø, îàæ ùðú 1993, àú äîøëæ ìîåøùú áï âåøéåï, ùäåà çì÷ îàåðéáøñéèú áï âåøéåï áðâá, åàú äîëåï ìîåøùú áï âåøéåï, äî÷ééí ôòéìåú çéðåëéú òðôä. ðîòðéä äí úìîéãéí îîòøëú äçéðåê áëì äàøõ, çðéëé úðåòåú äðåòø, çééìé öä"ì å÷öéðéå, ÷áåöåú ðåòø îçå"ì åëï äöéáåø äøçá.
http://www.bgu.ac.il/html/dover/news/1003221744.shtml

25/3/2001

ã"ø èåáéä ôøéìéðâ- çúï ôøñ øàù äîîùìä ìäðöçú áï âåøéåï úùñ"à
ôøñ øàù äîîùìä, ìäðöçú æëøå ùì øàù äîîùìä ãåã áï âåøéåï æ"ì, îåòð÷ äùðä ìã"ø èåáéä ôøéìéðâ îàåðéáøñéèú áï âåøéåï áðâá, òì èéôåìå äîç÷øé äîâååï åòì òéñå÷å äçéðåëé øá äùðéí áîåøùú áï-âåøéåï. äôøñ éåòð÷ ìå äéåí, éåí øàùåï, 25 áîøõ, ááéú äðùéà áéøåùìéí (áùòä 17.00).

ã"ø èåáéä ôøéìéðâ, îðäì áùãä áå÷ø, îàæ ùðú 1993, àú äîøëæ ìîåøùú áï âåøéåï, ùäåà çì÷ îàåðéáøñéèú áï âåøéåï áðâá, åàú äîëåï ìîåøùú áï âåøéåï, äî÷ééí ôòéìåú çéðåëéú òðéôä, ùðîòðéä úìîéãéí îîòøëú äçéðåê áëì äàøõ, çðéëé úðåòåú äðåòø, çééìé öä"ì å÷öéðéå, ÷áåöåú ðåòø îçå"ì åëï öéáåø îúòðééï.

äîøëæ ìîåøùú áï âåøéåï î÷ééí ôòéìåú à÷ãîéú øâéìä ùì îåøéí åñèåãðèéí. îãé ùðä îåöéà ìàåø 15 ñôøé îç÷ø áúçåîéí äðåâòéí ìú÷åîú éùøàì åìîðäéâåúå ùì áï âåøéåï åëï àøáòä ëúáé òú îãòééí.
http://www.bgu.ac.il/html/dover/news/1000629992.shtml

http://www.gca.gov.il/reshut/1997/heb/558.htm
http://www.gca.gov.il/reshut/1997/heb/558.htm

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http://bgarchives.bgu.ac.il/archives/archion/archion-odot.htm

@ ã"ø èåáéä ôøéìéðâ îåðä ìâðæ äîãéðä- îòøéá/àñó çééí.
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@ îùôè ÷ñèðø-äùèï åäøöç äôåìéèé- îòøéá/ãï îøâìéú.
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@ ÷öéðé îô"í åîìçîú äòåìí äùìéùéú/ôåìéèé÷ä éùøàìéú.
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@ ãåçåúéå äôñéëéàèøééí ùì àãåìó àééëîï éî"ù.
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@ éåîðé äîôìöú-àãåìó àééëîï éî"ù.
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@ ëì ãåçåú äééðøéê äéîìø ðéâðæå òã ùðú 2045.
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@ îé îèôì áéìãé úéîï, âðæê äîãéðä ôúç......
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@ âéøñä ùì øéñä- âøéñú îñîëéí.
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@ çì÷ îäîñîëéí ðâðæå áîåñã åçì÷ ðâðæå áâðæê.........
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@ æåëé ôøñ éùøàì áç÷ø éãò äàøõ äí: ôøåô' ùîåàì ñôøàé åôøåô' îðùä äøàì åçáøé åòãú äùåôèéí.....
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@ äøåç äøòä äîðùáú î"øåç ÷ãéí"
http://www.nfc.co.il/showArticles.asp?subjectId=3&DocId=1555&PageNumber=&GoBackXTimes=
http://bgarchives.bgu.ac.il/archives/odot2.htm

îáçï äúåöàä
ô"ù
@ òéúåï äàøõ îëçéù ùàáå îàæï îëçéù àú äùåàä @

71. àáå îàæï, ôøåôéì ôåìéèé : îàú îëåï îîø''é.....
https://rotter.net/cgi-bin/forum/dcboard.cgi?az=show_thread&om=5315&forum=gil&omm=71&viewmode=threaded

ôøéìéðâ, ùèøí äñôé÷ ìñééí ùðúééí áúô÷éã, ðéäì áòáø, áîùê ëùîåðä ùðéí, àú äîøëæ ìîåøùú áï âåøéåï áàåðéáøñéèú áï âåøéåï.

áøàéåï ìúåëðéú "îäéåí ìîçø" áòøåõ 1, äòìä ôøéìéðâ èòðåú øáåú ðâã àé-äñãø äùåøø áâðæê, åðâã äòåáãä ùäåà àéðå îîåçùá. ìãáøéå, "îãéðä ùîëáã àú òáøä ìà ðåäâú ëê òì òáøä... îãéðú éùøàì, áðåùà äæä, äéà îãéðú äòåìí äùìéùé".

"...æä ìà ùîåòåú, ðòìîå îñîëéí øáéí îòáøä åîùçø äéååñãä ùì îãéðú éùøàì... áé÷ùúé îäéåòõ äîùôèé ìîîùìä ìôúåç áäìéëéí ôìéìééí ðâã äàùîéí åìà ðòùä ãáø".

ôøéìéðâ àó èåòï ëé "ëì äîñîëéí ùì äùá"ë, ùì äîåñã åùì ðúéá ðîöàéí áàé-ñãø îåçìè åöøéê ìäçìéè îä àôùø ìôúåç åîä ìà ðéúï ìôúåç... äâùúé úëðéú àá ìîîåðéí åìà ðòùä ãáø òã äéåí".

äú÷ùøå àìéé îìéùëú øàù äîîùìä åáùáåò äáà éù ìðå ôâéùä
åãéåï áúåëðéú äàá ùäëðúé ìôðé îñôø ùðéí", àîø.

áúåê ëê, äàøâåðéí äãåçôéí ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä òöîàéú, áôøùú éìãé úéîï, àîøå ì-Nfc ëé äúôèøåúå ùì ôøéìéðâ îáåøëú, îàçø åäåà äòøéí ÷ùééí òì äîùôçåú áëì ä÷ùåø ìòéåï áçåîøéí.

ìèòðúí, áú÷åôúå ùì ôøéìéðâ ùåëúáå åðòìîå îñîëéí øáéí îúåê äúé÷éí ä÷ùåøéí ìôøùú éìãé úéîï.
òåãëï: 16:28 18/06/2003 | ðåòí ùøáéè | [email protected]
http://www.nfc.co.il/archive/001-D-25584-00.html?tag=2-50-33

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îìéàú äååòãä
áùòä 09:30
ñãø äéåí:
ñéåø åãéåï áîëåï äìàåîé ”âðæéí”

éò÷á ñìéí â'øôé äéä òåìä îúéîï áîçðä òéï ùîø ùáå ùåëðå øááåú úéîðéí. äåà ÷øà ìàçéå äúéîðéí ùìà ìäéëðò ìäðäìú äîçðä åäîðäì àìãîò áøàùí ùëôå òìéäí çéðåê çéìåðé ìéìãéí. äåà ðäâ ìäâðéá úéîðéí îäîçðä ( ùäéä ùîåø òì éãé âãø úéì åùåîøéí ) àì äéùéáä äúéëåðéú îãøùéú ðåòí ùáôøãñ çðä , ëãé ùéøàå ùâí áàøõ éù éäåãéí ùìåîãéí úåøä , åùìà ëì äàùëðæéí äí çéìåðééí. àìãîò ðäâ ìäñúåáá çâåø à÷ãç . â'øôé äåæäø ìäôñé÷ àú äúðâãåúå ìëôééú äçéðåê äçéìåðé. îùñøá äåëä òã æåá ãí . ðçáù áéãé äøáðéú ôðéðä øåæðáìéè , àùú äøá ùìåí øåæðáìéè , îåøä áîãøùéä, îðäì ôìê áéøåùìéí , ëéåí áòì çðåú îëåìú áøåáò äéäåãé áéøåùìéí. îëéåï ùâ'øôé ìà ùåëðò ìäôñé÷ äåà ðøöç ìàçø ëùáåòééí áéøéú à÷ãç.

äøöç ðç÷ø áîùèøú ôøãñ çðä. áôðé äñîì äçå÷ø äåôéòä úéîðéä áú 19 ùäéúä òãú øàéä ìøöç. äñîì äçå÷ø øéñ÷ ìä àú äôä áîëåú àâøåó åæø÷ àåúä ìöéðå÷ åëê ôúø àú äáòéä.

àì ãîò äåòîã ìãéï áôðé äùåôè îøâìéåú áçãøä. èòï ùéøä áàåéø ìôéæåø äôâðä. áñåôå ùì ãáø åòãä ùäå÷îä ìç÷éøú òøéöåú äùîàì áîçðåú äòåìéí äòðéùä àåúå áîòáø ìðéäåì îçðä òåìéí àçø.. îùøã äçéðåê ìà îáéà úìîéãéí ì÷áøå åäëðñú ìà ÷áòä "éåí â'øôé" ìãéåï áàìéîåú äùîàì. î÷åí ÷áåøúå ùì â'øôé ìà éãåò. æëøå äåùëç.

øöç éò÷á ñìéí â'øôé äúôøñí á"ä÷åì" á 1 îàé 1950. ( á÷öú øîæéí åñéîðé ùàìä . áøåø ùäéä áøåø ìëåúáéí á"ä÷åì" ùäí çùåôéí ìèéôåì ãåîä ìæä ù÷éáì â'øôé ).

áäöåôä ìà ôåøñí òã 15 áîàé. îéã àçøé äøöç ôðúä äîùèøä ìøá ãéñ÷éï øá äîåùáä ôøãñ çðä ùéòöåø àú äòåìéí ùøöå ìòìåú òì ú"à. ëðøàä ùäöðæåøä àñøä òì äòéúåðéí ìôøñí àú äøöç.

äöåôä éåí ùðé ëç àééø úù"é 15.5.50 òîåã 2 èåø ùîàìé ôñ÷ä ìôðé àçøåðä.

äôñ÷ä îåçáàú ùí áìé ëåúøú îéåçãú ìôñ÷ä. äëåúøú ìîàîø äéà ë÷àöèéí îçðåú äòåìéí. ëðøàä ùäëåúá øöä ùäòåáãåú úéùàøðä àéê ùäåà áëúåáéí ìîøåú ùäãáø àéðå ìøåçå ùì äùìéè áï-âåøéåï.

( æä îàîø ùì áòì èåø "àâá" äîúéçñ ìéãéòä äîåöðòú áàåúå òîåã ùáä îãåáø òì "éøéåú" – ìà øöç ëîåáï îçùù äöðæåø) )

àùä àçú äòéãä áòðéï øöç òåìä áîçðä òéï ùîø. äéà äòéãä ðâã äùåîø ùéøä éøéåú åäøâ àãí. äéà àîøä îä ùäéà éåãòú. éç÷åø äùåôè-çå÷ø àú òãåúä ëîä ùäåà øåöä – àáì áàéæå øùåú áà äñøâ'ðè äîðäì àú äç÷éøä åñåèø òì ôðéä ñèéøåú ìçé ÷ùåú?
ëéöã îîðéí ðåâù æä ìäéåú çå÷ø åîä î÷åîå áîùèøä?
äàéï ãéï åàéï ãéï áéùøàì?
http://www.cs.biu.ac.il/~ehrlich/HISTORY/citations.doc.

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ääéñèåøéåðéí äçãùéí øàåééí ìùáç: äí ñééòå ìðå ìäúðòø îäáìéí åìäâ îúåöøú äôåìéèøå÷éí ùì äöéåðåú, ìéîãå àåúðå òì ôùòéäí ùì îîìàé ô÷åãåú ìãåøåúéäí, òì èëðé÷åú äâéøåù, òì ôòåìåú 'äúâîåì' (äéæåîåú), òì éçñå äàîáéååìðèé ùì äééùåá ìèáç éäãåú àéøåôä åòì àéãéàåìåâéú äùååéåï (äîæåéó) ëîéúåñ îâééñ.

àáì ìäéñèåøéåðéí àìä éù âí ð÷åãä òéååøú, åìëï ÷ùø ùúé÷ä ðåñó èøí ôåöç: àðé îúëååï ì÷ùø äùúé÷ä äáéï-ãåøé áéï ä÷åîéñøéí äàéãéàåìåâééí ùì äöéåðåú äîâùéîä ("îìç äàøõ") ìáéï äàéðèì÷èåàìéí ùì äùîàì äéùøàìé áï éîéðå (âí ëï "îìç äàøõ"). æå äñëîä ùáùúé÷ä áéï ùðé ãåøåú ùì äâîåðéä àùëðæéú – ëìôé äáòéä äîæøçéú.

áòðééï æä ðùàø äãåø äöòéø ùì äàéðèì÷èåàìéí äàùëðæéí, ìøáåú ääéñèåøéåðéí äçãùéí, ðàîï åîæãää òí ãåø äåøéå. "äùîàì" äéùøàìé äöéåðé îåëï ìäù÷éò àú ëì ëåìå áçùéôú äòååìåú ùðòùå åðòùéí ìôìñèéðéí, àê àéðå îåëï ìäúééöá åìäå÷éò àú ãåø ääåøéí òì âæòðåúå ëìôé äéäåãéí äîæøçéí. çùåá éåúø: ãåø æä àéðå îåëï ëìì ìäåãåú, ùùàìú äîæøçéåú äéà áòéä à÷èåàìéú îøëæéú. ëê äàéðèì÷èåàìéí åëê äôåìéèé÷àéí: ããé öå÷ø, éåñé ùøéã åçáøéäí àéðí îôâéðéí ëì îòù ìîòï ä÷áåöåú, ùäéå öøéëåú ìòîåã áøàù îòéðéäí. äí îúäãøéí áúååéú "ùîàì" ëôé ùãåø äåøéäí äùúîù áîåùâ "ùååéåï". áãéå÷ ëôé ùäåøéäí ìà äéå ùååéåðééí, äí àéðí àðùé ùîàì. äúåöàä äéà, îæøçéí îï äîòîã äðîåê, ôòéìé ùëåðåú åàó àéðèì÷èåàìéí îæøçéí äîôâéðéí òåéðåú âí ëìôé úðåòú äòáåãä äîñåøúéú åâí ëìôé éåøùéä. îãåò ìäåè äùîàì ìòñå÷ ááòéä äôìñèéðéú, åîãåò äåà îëçéù àú äñåâéä äîæøçéú, ùìäçøôúä äåà ùåúó? òöí äòåáãä ùäãåø äöòéø ùì "äùîàì" äéùøàìé àéðå îæää àú äîëðä äîùåúó äáåìè áéï ùúé ä÷äéìåú äììå – äôìñèéðéí åäîæøçéí – îòåøøú çùã åúîéää. àáì, áòöí, äñáøä àéðå ÷ùä: äå÷òú äòååì ùðòùä ìôìñèéðéí àéðä îñëðú àú îòîãí ùì äàéðèì÷èåàìéí äàùëðæéí áðé ãåøðå. äéà ìà îñëðú àåúí ë÷áåöä úøáåúéú äâîåðéú áúåê äçáøä äéùøàìéú åìà ëîòîã ëìëìé. äéà ìà îñëðú àú äâãøúí äòöîéú ëðöéâé äúøáåú äîòøáéú áúåê äîæøç äòøáé (àå ä"éí-úéëåðé", àí ðùúîù ááéèåé îèôåøé îòãï ìîòï äçøãéí îäúååéú "òøáé"). äòéñå÷ áòååì, ùðòùä ìôìñèéðéí, îñô÷ àú æøé äãôðä ùì ääåîðéæí, àú äòîãä äéå÷øúéú ùì ùåçèé ôøåú ÷ãåùåú åùåàôé ùìåí, àú úååéú äîøãðåú, àú ä÷úøæéñ ìðåëç òååìåú ãåø ääåøéí. ëìåîø äîæøç – äáìúé îåëø, äîàééí, äìà-øöéåðìé – î÷åáì òì ä"øãé÷ìéí", ëì òåã äåà ðùàø îçåõ ìâãø – ëîå äôìñèéðéí. äåà ðéúï ìòéëåì, ëì òåã àôùø ìñîðå, ìäôëå ì"àçø" åìäøçé÷å. îúåê æä, àôùø ìäáéï ìîä úåîê äùîàì äéùøàìé áäôøãä åáùúé îãéðåú ìùðé òîéí.

áùì àåúå çùù îï äîæøç ôéúçå éùøàìéí øáéí, ìøáåú àðùé ùîàì áøåç îøö, äëçùä ëìôé îæøçéåúí ùì äéäåãéí äîæøçéí, ùäøé àú äéäåãéí äîæøçéí àé àôùø ìäôåê ì"àçø" àå ìäåöéà àì îçåõ ìâãø. ìëì äéåúø, àôùø ìáðåú ëáéùéí òå÷ôé òééøåú ôéúåç åùëåðåú òåðé. ääëçùä äéà àîöòé ääâðä: àí éëéøå àðùé äùîàì áòååì ùðòùä ìîæøçéí åéùàôå ìú÷ï àåúå, éöèøëå ìú÷ï âí àú òöîí. äí éöèøëå ìååúø òì îòîãí ääâîåðé, ìçì÷ àçøú àú äòåâä äìàåîéú, ìäùúìá áàæåø ëùååéí åìà ëôèøåðéí. äí éöèøëå ìùðåú àú úëðéåú äìéîåãéí, îäîåñãåú ìäùëìä âáåää åòã ìâï äéìãéí. äí ééãøùå ìä÷éí à÷ãîéä ìîåñé÷ä ÷ìàñéú òøáéú (ìîùì àðãìåñéú), ììîã î÷åøåú ùì úøáåú òîé òøá (åìà ø÷ î÷åøåú ùì úøáåú äîòøá), ììîåã åììîã àú äùéøä åäùôä äòøáéú. äí éöèøëå ìäéôøã îï äæé÷ä äáìòãéú ìàéøåôä åìöôåï àîøé÷ä, îîä ùðúôñ áòéðéäí àåðéáøñìé. ðåëç ëì äñëðåú äàìä äðù÷ äàô÷èéáé äåà ùúé÷ä: ääëøä áîæøçéåú ëúåôòä ôðéí éùøàìéú äéà èàáå.

îúåê ëê àôùø ìäáéï àú ùèçéåú òîãúå ùì "äùîàì" ëìôé äôìñèéðéí. äùîàì äåà ôøå-ôìñèéðé, ëì òåã àéï äôìñèéðéí úåáòéí àú æëåú äùéáä, ëì òåã éù çìå÷ä, ëì òåã éù äôøãä, ëì òåã îååúøéí äôìñèéðéí òì áúéäí áèìáéä åáéôå, ëì òåã úéùàø äîãéðä éäåãéú (åîòøáéú) åëì òåã éîùéëå äôìñèéðéí äîëåðéí "òøáéé éùøàì" ìäéåú ðåëçéí ðô÷ãéí. àéìå äéå äàéðèì÷èåàìéí ùì äùîàì îùåçøøéí áàîú îäîéúåñéí ùì ãåø ääåøéí, äí äéå çåùôéí àú äöéåðåú ëúðåòä àéøåôéú àðèé-îæøçéú, àùø äâéòä ìîæøç (îñéáåú îåöã÷åú àå ìà-îåöã÷åú) åìà øàúä áå éùåú ôåìéèéú, àìà îãáø äæ÷å÷ ìäôøéä. àéìå äéå ääåøéí åäáðéí – äàùëðæéí – îëéøéí áîæøç ëáéùåú ôåìéèéú, äí äéå îáçéðéí âí áîëðä äîùåúó áéï äîæøçéåú äéäåãéú ìîæøçéåú äîåñìîéú åäðåöøéú. äí äéå îáéðéí, ùäàðèâåðéæí, øá äùðéí, áéï äîæøçéí ìáéï äòøáéí, äåà áçì÷å úåöø ùì ú÷éòú èøéæ àéøåôé áéï îæøçéí ìîæøçéí. àáì äùîàì äéùøàìé îîùéê àú îãéðéåú äòéååøåï åääúðùàåú ùì äåøéå äùîøðéí.

áøåø, àôåà, îãåò òñ÷ä äçáøä äéùøàìéú ëì äùðéí áãä-ôåìéèéæöéä ùì ùàìú äîæøçéí. äîæøçéåú äåöâä ë÷åøéåæ î÷åîé, ëàåñó îéöâéí úøáåúééí ëîå ðòðò, çåîåñ, òáåãåú-éã úéîðéåú àå îåôìèä. ëì ðéñéåï ìäôëä ìùàìä ôåìéèéú ðú÷ì áãä-ìâéèéîöéä åáäëçùä ëîå ëì èàáå çáøúé àçø. îöã àçã, òåããå äîôìâåú äâãåìåú àú äîæøçéåú áøîä äàøâåðéú, ëî÷åø ìâéåñ ÷åìåú. îöã ùðé, ùììå àú äîæøçéåú áøîä äàéãéàåìåâéú. îöò òãúé äåöâ ëñåúø àú îéæåâ äâìåéåú åàçãåú äòí. áùðåú äçîéùéí äåöâå øùéîåú îæøçéåú ëîæåäåú òí âåøîéí òåéðéí, åäôðúøéí äùçåøéí äåöâå ëúðåòä îñåëðú ìîãéðä.

úäìéëé äãä-ôåìéèéæöéä äììå äùôéòå âí òì ääéñèåøéåðéí äçãùéí. ìîøåú äøãé÷ìéåú ùìäí, ìëàåøä, äí àéðí òåñ÷éí, áàåôï îòîé÷, áäéñèåøéåâøôéä îæøçéú – ìîøåú ùðåùàéí äæåò÷éí ìèéôåì îåðçéí îîù ìøâìéäí. ùúé ãåâîàåú ÷èðåú, éãåòåú ìîãé: òãééï ìà ðòùä îç÷ø î÷éó åáòì úäåãä òì äîðéôåìöéåú ùì äúðåòä äöéåðéú áäáàú éäåãé úéîï. îùåí îä ääéñèåøéåðéí äçãùéí ìà îúòðééðéí áëê. àó àçã îï äàéðèì÷èåàìéí áðé ãåøðå ìà òåñ÷ áàðìåâéåú áéï àé-ëðéòúí ùì äúéîðéí ìáòìé äàãîåú áîåùáåú ìáéï àé-ëðéòúí ùì äúéîðéí áôøùú òåæé îùåìí. áúôéñä äôåì÷ìåøéñèéú äàùëðæéú, äúéîðéí ðùàøå ð÷ééí, öééúðéí, àåäáé òáåãä åöéåðééí.

àó àçã îääéñèåøéåðéí äçãùéí – ìåçîé æëåéåú äàæøç – ìà äúòåøø ìòñå÷ áôøùéåú äîçøéãåú ùì çèéôåú éìãé úéîï. îé îäí äôâéï ìîòï ä÷îú åòãåú ç÷éøä? áàåúä îéãä, àó àçã îï ääéñèåøéåðéí äçãùéí ìà òåñ÷ áøöéðåú îñô÷ú áòãåéåú òì äôøåáå÷öéåú ùì äúðåòä äöéåðéú áòéøà÷, áúçéìú ùðåú äçîéùéí, ùðåòãå ìæøæ àú äòìééä ìéùøàì. ëîòè àó àçã îäí ìà ùåàì ëéöã äñëéîä äúðåòä äöéåðéú ìäìàîä ùì øëåù éäåãé òéøà÷, åàí ìà äééúä æå úåöàä ùì çùù, ùäîôâù ùì òéøà÷éí àîéãéí òí äîòáøåú, éçæéø àåúí áäîåðéäí àì àøõ îåöàí.

àìä, ùäúðñå áôòéìåú îæøçéú, éåãòéí ìñôø òã ëîä çøãéí äàùëðæéí áëì ôòí ùòåìä ùàìú äëîéää ùì îæøçéí ìæäåú ééçåãéú. éù ìçøãä æå, áãøê ëìì, ëîä úâåáåú àùëðæéåú àåôééðéåú. áåìèåú áäï ùúééí: äèòðä ùàéï èòí ìòñå÷ áòååìåú äéñèåøéåú, ùäøé âí ÷áåöåú àúðéåú àçøåú, ëîå äôåìðéí, ääåðâøéí àå äøåîðéí ñáìå ÷ùéé ÷ìéèä, äùôìä åãçééä. èòðä ðåñôú äéà ùäáòéä ðòìîú åäåìëú, äôòøéí ðñâøéí, ùéù ðéùåàéí áéï-òãúééí, ùéù îæøçéí áôåìéèé÷ä åùîúôúçú úøáåú "éùøàìéú". ëì îé ùîòæ ìèòåï àçøú òåáø ãéñ÷øèéæöéä, îëåðä "î÷öåòï òãúé", îåàùí ùäåà îðñä ìäôåê òìáåï ìäåï àéùé åùäåà ôåâò áàçãåú äòí (àçãåú äòí å÷åðöðæåñ äéå úîéã îéúåñ îâééñ åîðâðåï äùú÷ä ùì îéòåèéí). åäîâåçê îëì: áëì ôòí ùàéðèì÷èåàì îæøçé èåòï ù÷ééîú áàøõ âæòðåú, äåà îåàùí áâæòðåú ëìôé àùëðæéí åîúåéâ ë÷éöåðé.

àìà ùìëì äèòðåú éù úùåáåú îùëðòåú. øàùéú, àéï ñô÷ ùâí éåöàé àøöåú àéøåôä ñáìå ÷ùéé äâéøä, åçì÷í àó äúðùàåú ùì äééùåá, àê ääáãìéí áéï çååéåú àìä ìáéï äùôìú äîæøçéí îùîòåúééí åîëøéòéí. ìà äéä ñô÷ ùéåöàé îæøç àéøåôä éùúìáå éôä îàåã ëîòöáé úøáåú åëîòîã áéðåðé îåáä÷ áçáøä äéùøàìéú, ëôé ùìà äéä ñô÷ ùäòåìéí äçãùéí îøåñéä áùðåú äùáòéí éúî÷îå áîøëæ äçáøä åëê âí òåìé øåñéä áùðåú äúùòéí (ìòåîú æàú, àéï ñô÷ ùäàúéåôéí éúî÷îå ë"çìùéí", "ùëáåú îöå÷ä", "èòåðé èéôåç" åëéåöà áàìä). äòåìéí äîæøçéí úåòìå ìùåìé äëìëìä å÷åôçå òì éãé äîîñã ä÷åìè áä÷öàú îéí, ÷ø÷ò, ãéøåú åîùøåú.

äèòðä, ùäôòøéí ðñâøéí åäåìëéí, ðùîòú òåã îùðåú äçîéùéí. äîöéàåú äôåëä, ä÷ùø áéï îåöà ìäéùâéí îúäã÷ åäåìê. äôòøéí àéðí ø÷ ðçìú ãåø äîãáø. äí ùøéøéí å÷ééîéí á÷øá äãåø äùðé åàó îúøçáéí. áîç÷ø, ùáã÷ àú îöáí ùì éìéãé äàøõ áðé äåøéí îæøçéí áäùååàä ìéìéãé äàøõ áðé äåøéí àùëðæéí, ðîöà ëé á- 1975 äùúëøå âáøéí îæøçéí ë- 79 àçåæéí îùëø äàùëðæéí, á- 1992 äéä äùéòåø ë- 68 àçåæéí. äçå÷øéí îéçñéí ùìéù îäôòø äæä ìäôìéä. äí äúî÷ãå âí ááðé äîçæåø äöòéø (áðé 25-29), àùø ùéôø áîéãú îä àú îöáå áéï äùðéí 75 ì- 92. ùéòåø áòìé úåàø øàùåï á÷øá äîæøçéí äéä 3.3 àçåæéí á- 75, åòìä ì- 7.7 àçåæéí á- 92. á÷øá äàùëðæéí: 23.8 àçåæéí áùðú 75, 31.1 àçåæéí áùðú 92. ëàï äîâîä àôåà çéåáéú, åàí äôòø áàçåæ áòìé äúåàø äøàùåï éùúðä áàåúå ÷öá, îöééðéí äçå÷øéí, éðåï ëäï åéöç÷ äáøôìã, éùúååä äôòø áäùëìä áòåã 94 ùðéí. äãåø ùéùéâ æàú òãééï ìà ðåìã.

àçú äúåöàåú äîøåú ùì äëçùú äîæøçéåú äéà ùäãåø äùðé åäùìéùé ùì äîæøçéí îáéï àú äæäåú äîæøçéú ùìå (àí áëìì) ëàðèâåðéæí ìàùëðæéåú. äåà îæøçé ìà ëçéáåø úøáåúé ùì îîù àìà ëæäåú éùøàìéú îñåéîú äëøåëä áëòñ åáúñëåì. æäå "îæøç" çãù, ùì îæøçéí éùøàìéí áìáã.

åàéìå äùîàì äéùøàìé äçãù ìà øàåé ìäúëðåú ùîàì. äåà îåøëá áøåáå îàùëðæéí ùàéï ìäí ëì ÷ùø ìñåâéåú çáøúéåú. òñ÷ðé ùìåí òëùéå, ôòéìéí ùåðéí ùì îøö åàéðèì÷èåàìéí îúðùàéí îï äô÷åìèåú ìîãòé äçáøä åäøåç ("äçãùéí"), àéðí îúòåøøéí ìîøàä òååìåú äãéëåé äîëåòø ùì äîåðé òðééí, "àðùé ùåìééí", "ùëáåú çìùåú", "èòåðé èéôåç". øåá øåáí ùì ôòéìé ä"ùîàì" äí áåøâðéí àîéãéí, àðùé ÷äéìú äòñ÷éí, ôøåôñåøéí ìîéðäì òñ÷éí åìëìëìä. ëàùø äí îãáøéí òì äùìåí àå òì äçæøú äùèçéí äí ÷åùøéí æàú áöîéçä ëìëìéú, áîäôëú îéçùåá åáèéôåç îöåéðåú. ëìëìðéí äîæåäéí òí îøö åùìåí òëùéå úåîëéí, áàåôï çã îùîòé, áäôøèä åáöîéçä ëìëìéú ("îæøç úéëåï çãù"), åîîùìåú éùøàì îâãéìåú àú àé-äùååéåï ìîòï öîéçä ëìëìéú ëîéèá äîñåøú ùì ëìëìú öã ääéöò. äï îàôùøåú ìäåï ìðöì àú äîãéðä ìöøëéå.

äùîàì ùì îøö äåà ùîàì îæåéó: ùîàì ùì "çéøåú" (ëìëìéú), åìà ùîàì ùì ùååéåï åùì ñåìéãøéåú. àôéìå îùôèðé æëåéåú äàæøç ùì îøö òåñ÷éí äøáä îàåã áæëåéåú àãí, òì ôé äîñåøú äìéáøìéú, àåìí àéðí òåñ÷éí áæëàåéåú àçøåú ùì äàæøç îåì äùìèåï, ëôé ùîçééáú îñåøú ñåöéàì-ãîå÷øèéú. àéï äí òåñ÷éí áæëåéåú çéðåê, æëåéåú ãéåø àå æëåéåú áôéúåç úøáåú àúðéú. àú äúáéòä ìæëàåéåú ëàìä äí îùàéøéí ìù"ñ, ìçøãéí åìùàø ÷áåöåú äàéðèøñéí. áúåê ä÷ùø æä éëåì äéä ùîòåï ôøñ ìèòåï ùäáòéä ùì äòðééí äéà ùäí òðééí.

ìîòï äãéå÷ ääéñèåøé: ìà ø÷ äùîàì åúðåòú äòáåãä àùîéí áäúøç÷åú äîæøçéí îäí. çì÷ îäàùîä éù ìúìåú áäöìçúå ùì äéîéï ìäùúîù áîæøçéí åìäìäéáí áñîìéå äìàåîðééí äàðèé-òøáéí. áùðé äòùåøéí äàçøåðéí, àçã äàåéáéí äâãåìéí ùì äöã÷ äçáøúé áàøõ äåà ãåã ìåé, ùúôñ àú îùáöú ä÷éôåç, åäôê àåúä ìøèåøé÷ä çìåìä. éù ìäàùéí áëê âí àú äôåìéèøå÷éí äîæøçéí ìãåøåúéäí, îùä ùçì, ùìîä äìì, ùîòåï ùéèøéú, éöç÷ ðáåï, ùåùðä àøáìé-àìîåæìéðå, îùä ÷öá, îøãëé áï-ôåøú, åòåã øáéí àçøéí – îæøçéí îìéãä àê ìà îæøçéí áúåãòä, ùòùå ãä-ìâéèéîöéä ìîæøçéåú ëòðééï ùì ôåìéèé÷ä.

áëðñú äðåëçéú éù îñôø ðéëø ùì ôåìéèé÷àéí îæøçéí. àéï áäí åìå àçã àùø ôøù àéãéàåìåâéä îæøçéú çáøúéú ñãåøä. ëåìí îùç÷éí áëìéí, áîâøù åáùôä ùì ääâîåðéä äàùëðæéú. àéï ùîàì àîéúé ùéöéò îöò çáøúé ãîå÷øèé, ùéãçä àú äùéç äìéáøìé ùì îøö åàú äùéç äôùéñèé ùì äéîéï. àéï ùîàì ùéàôùø âí ìîæøçéí äéäåãéí ìäéåú îôåéñéí òí î÷åøåúéäí äòøáéí áìé àôåìåâèé÷ä àå äëçùä, åéàôùø ìàùëðæéí äéùøàìéí ìäëéø áîæøçéåú ùì äîæøçéí áéùøàì. àéï ùîàì ùéàôùø ëéðåï æäåú îæøçéú ìà îúåê ÷åðôìé÷è àìà îúåê çéøåú úøáåúéú. àú äùîàì äæä éåëìå ìéæåí, ëðøàä, ø÷ îæøçéí.

ôøåô' éäåãä ùðäá
øàù äçåâ ìñåöéåìåâéä åàðúøåôåìåâéä
àåðéáøñéèú úì àáéá
çáø á÷ùú äãîå÷øèéú äîæøçéú
http://www.hakeshet.org/articles/israeli_left.htm

ìôðé ùðúééí ôéøñí äâøãéàï äàðâìé
http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,500664,00.html
îàîø òì çèéôú âåôåú ùì úéðå÷åú àðâìééí åùéìåçí ìàøä"á ìöåøê ðéñåééí á÷øéðä øãéå-à÷èéáéú. äîàîø îúééùá òí îñ÷ðåú åòãú äç÷éøä äôãøàìéú
http://tis.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/report.html
ùä÷éí ÷ìéðèåï á94 ìáçéðú îãéðéåú äðéñåééí áä÷øðåú, ùâáúä ÷åøáðåú øáéí áàøä"á ùì äîìçîä ä÷øä (øáéí îäí ìà àîøé÷àééí).

äàîøé÷àéí, îñúáø, ç÷øå äéèá åìòåî÷ àú ðåùà ä÷øéðä äøãéå-à÷èéáéú îéã îæîï äèìú äôööä äâøòéðéú äøàùåðä åòã ìùðåú äùáòéí. ìöåøê äòðééï äùúîùå áàåëìåñéåú "îéåúøåú" (ëôé ùäåâãøå òì-éãé çì÷ îòãé äååòãä) ëîå àéðãéàðéí îùáè äðáàçå, îëñé÷àéí åëðøàä - âí úéðå÷åú ùðåìãå îúéí àå îúå áâéì öòéø (òã ùðä áãê ëìì) åùðùìçå àìéäí (ììà éãéòú äîùôçåú ëîåáï) îîãéðåú "îùúôåú ôòåìä" úîåøú òæøä áèçåðéú åëìëìéú. ìîáöò äæä ÷øàå äàîøé÷àéí "Project Sunshine".

òí äçùéôä áàøä"á åáàðâìéä äúòåøøå îãéðåú ðåñôåú. îñúáø ùáàåñèøìéä, îìáã ìñééò ìîàîõ äàîøé÷àé, ä-ARPANSA (ñåëðåú äâøòéï äî÷åîéú) äùúîùä ìðéñåééä áòöîåú ùì 10,000 úéðå÷åú ùéåáàå î39(!) îãéðåú.

àâá, äðéñåééí äúçéìå áéåæîúå ùì ã"ø ìéáé, æåëä ôøñ ðåáì òì îç÷øå áúçåí úàøåê ôçîï.

æäå. àðé ìà àåîø ùìùí äâéòå éìãé úéîï. àðé ø÷ àåîø ùæàú òåã àåôöéä. àîðí áùðåú äçîéùéí éçñéðå òí éãéãúðå äâãåìä äéå ôåùøéí åîèä, àáì îãéðåú ðåñôåú òñ÷å áðéñåééí âøòéðééí, ëéãåò, åîîù àæ äçìå áï-âåøéåï åôøñ ìù÷åã òì ä÷îú äëåø ùìðå.

îä ìòùåú. îãéðä ÷èðä îå÷ôú àåéáéí. îæì ùçèôå àú åòðåðå, äáøéçå àåúå á÷åôñä åãçôå àåúå ìöéðå÷ òã ùäùúâò. òãéó ùìà éãáø, ñúí éðçñ àåúðå. òëùéå àí äåà éãáø îîéìà àó àçã ìà éàîéï ìå.

ð.á. ìàçøåðä øîæå äòéúåðéí ëé "ìôé ôøñåîéí æøéí" îúáññ ä÷ùø äèåá éçñéú ùì éùøàì òí îàåøéèðéä òì ðéñåééí âøòéðééí öéåðééí áùèçä. ø÷ ùìà é÷çå ìðå àú éãéãúðå ä÷èðä.

àúø "åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú áòðééï äéòìîåú éìãéí îáéï òåìé úéîï"
(æä äùí, ðùáò ìëí)
http://www.tayman-child.gov.il/

éçñéú ìîé ùîúòñ÷ ëì-ëê äøáä òí îååú, ôøåôñåø éäåãä äéñ îåëéç ìðå ùåá ùäåà òåã çé-çé-çé. ëòú äåà ùåá áëåúøåú,
http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2710337,00.html
åëæëåø (àå ùîà ìà) äîùèøä ëáø äîìéöä ìäòîéã àåúå ìãéï ìôðé éåúø îùðä. äéñ ðçùã òì-éãé äîùèøä, áò÷áåú úìåðåú îäöéáåø åúç÷éøéí òúåðàééí, áðéäåì ìà-ú÷éï ùì äîëåï – åæàú áìùåï äîòèä. åòãú ç÷éøä ëáø úáòä àú äãçúå ùì äéñ, ùàîåø ìäéåú çì÷ îîðâðåï òùééú äöã÷ ùìðå áòöîå. äúðåòä ìàéëåú äùìèåï èòðä ëáø îæîï ùòöí äîùê äòñ÷úå ùì äéñ áúô÷éãå äåà ìà-øàåé åàôéìå îñåëï òí ëì-ëê äøáä çùãåú – çì÷í îàåîúéí - ëðâãå. áâ"öéí äåâùå, úé÷éí ðôúçå, åòãú ñâìñåï äúôæøä – åäôø÷ìéèåú èøí äâéáä.

ç"ë éäìåí îäîôã"ì
http://www.shaulyahalom.co.il/yahalom/article.asp?aid=161
ôåòì ëáø æîï øá ìäãçúå ùì äéñ, àê æå îùéîä îñåáëú. éäìåí äúáèà äéåí áçåîøä ðâã äéñ åøîæ á÷åì øí: ìàéù äæä éù îä ìäñúéø, åîëàï ëåçå. ðãîä ùøáéí ìà îôðéîéí àú îéãú ëåçå ùì äéñ åàú ëîåú äîéãò äîñååâ ùòåáøú ãøëå ëôé ùòåùä æàú éäìåí. ìòúéí, ëàùø àðùé-öéáåø áãøâåú äùôòä ðçåúåú îùì äéñ ôåøùéí îúô÷éãéäí, àðùéí çæ÷éí îàåã îúçéìéí ìù÷ù÷. òì àçú ëîä åëîä áî÷øä ùì äôøåôñåø.
àðé îàîéï ùéù îé ùîòåðééï ùäéñ éùàø áúô÷éãå. ëùåúó-ñåã ìòåáãåú ùåðåú åçñåéåú áçì÷ï áî÷øé-øöç, çáìä, îååú áç÷éøåú, øùìðåú øôåàéú, øöç ôåìéèé åôøùú éìãé-úéîï,
http://www.notes.co.il/gil/1298.asp
äéñ éåãò éåúø îãé. îòøëåú äöã÷ äøé èåòåú ìòúéí, åîåèòåú áôòîéí àçøåú – ôøùåú ùá"ë ùåðåú äåëéçå àú æä áùáéìðå. àðé àåìé ìà çå÷ø àå îùôèï, åàéï ìé òìé àú ëì äòåáãåú, àáì àðé öðöðú àí ëì òãåéåúéå ùì ôøåôñåø äéñ äéå àîú, ëôé ùàðé ååàæä àí ëì òãåéåúéå ùì øàù àî"ï áåòãåú äëðñú äéå ëì äàîú ìàîéúä. ìòúéí, ôøèéí îñåéîéí çñåééí îãøâéí âáåäéí - åäéñ àåìé ìà øöä îòåìí ìäèòåú, àê ìòúéí áååãàé äéä îåëøç.

úé÷ ðâã äéñ,
http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-2108673,00.html
ëîå ðâã àáéùé øáéá áùòúå,
http://chamish.inopsys.com/Avivwassayashamgar.htm
äåà úéáú ôðãåøä ùàó-àçã ìà îúðãá ìôúåç - åáèç ìà áçåôæä éúøä. åáëì æàú, àðé îåãä, îìáã äëòñ ùéù áé ëìôé îé ùîñúéøéí àú äàîú àå îñééòéí ìäñúøúä, éù áé âí çîìä îåì äàåôé äèøàâé ùì ãîåéåú ëîå øáéá åäéñ, ùâøîå ëðøàä äøáä ðæ÷ àáì ðòðùå áòöîí áäéåúí ùåúôé ñåã. ìà àåôúò àí ôøåôñåø äéñ éàìõ ìùîåø òì ôéå òã éåîå äàçøåï, åáëì î÷øä, ðãîä ìé ùéàìõ ìùîåø âí òì òöîå èåá-èåá.

ôåøñí áîãåø 30 áéåìé 2003 20:59 úçú ã"ø âéì | 7 úâåáåú
http://www.notes.co.il/gil/1760.asp

âðéè÷éä
àó.áé.àéé. - ãé.àï.àéé
éìãé úéîï åùòøú äçúåì
http://www.amalnet.k12.il/meida/biolog/bioi0072.htm

ôéìåáéõ ùçó
ãåàø àì÷èøåðé: [email protected]
ëåúøú: äëçùú ôøùú éìãé úéîï ëîåä ë...
http://www.miki.org.il/miki/tguva.asp?replyid=289&newsid=239

úåëï: äëçùú ôøùú çèéôú éìãé úéîï..."ëîåä ëîå äëçùú äùåàä ùì äòí äéäåãé áîéìçîú äòåìí äùðéä, ø÷ áîé÷øä äæä, æä çîåø ùáòúééí, ëé ôä ôùòå éäåãéí ùòùå ìéäåãéí/àçéäí îòãåú äîæøç áëìì åéìãé úéîï áôøè...: îé äåà ã"ø/ôøåô´ ùìîä ÷åìö´àø......îä ä÷ùø áéï "ôøåôñåø ùìîä ÷åìö´àø" ìáéï äùåôè áãéîåñ îø "îàéø ùîâø"...ùáéðúééí äçæéø àú "ðéùîúå äçåèàú ìáåøà", îé ùäéä ôñéëéàèø ùáã÷ àú àãåìó àééëîï-éîç ùîå åæéëøå ìòåìîé òã, åäëéï ãå"ç îôåøè/ñåôé, ùùéîù îåöâ îùôèé áîùôè äëé îôåøñí áäéñèåøéä äàðåùéú..."îùôè àééëîï", àúï ìëí øîæ ã÷....:- öéèåè..."ôøåô´ ùìîä ÷åìö´àø, äàéù ùéøã ìç÷ø ðéùîúå ùì àééëîï, äéä îä ù÷øåé character=èéôåñ. ëùòñ÷ áøéôåé çåìéí ùðèìå ñîéí ìà äéññ ì÷çú áòöîå çùéù åàì.àñ.ãé. ëãé ìãòú áîä îãåáø...."ñåó öéèåè îëúáúå ùì äòéúåðàé øï àéãìéñè áîòøéá...:- http://images.maariv.co.il/cache/cachearchive/10032000/ART39030.html öéèåè îúåê äøàéåï òí áðå ùì ã"ø/ôøåô´ ùìîä ÷åìö´àø-áðå àãí ÷åöø ùòéáøú àú ùí îùôçúå ì÷åöø...:- "àéê àúä îãáø àéúí?" äéä àãí áðå ùåàì àåúå àú àáéå, åäåà -àáéå äéä îùéá "ôñéëéàèøéä åèøéðøéú", ëìåîø îòéï ãéàìåâ ùì ñéîðéíëîï òí áäîåú/çéåú...ñåó öéèåè., ã"ø ùìîä ÷åìö´àø ùéîù ëøåôà ëììé áîòáøú òéï ùîø áùðåú ä-50 òí òìéú äúéîðéí àøöä, åìîøåú ùìà äéúä ìå äñîëä ëøåôà ëììé,ôðéîé, äåà äéä áê äëì..."øåôà ìáøéàåú äðôù",...äîùê äëúáä îãáøú åîæòæòú ëì îä ùöøéê æä ì÷øåà åìäôðéí àåúä ëîå òí äëúáä äáàä....:- áéåí øàùåï ä´ áàã úùñ"á 17.2.02, ôåøñîä ëúáä áòéúåï éãéòåú àçøåðåú òì éãé äëúáú äâá´ éäåãéú éçæ÷àìé, "áàåôï áìòãé"-òãåú çãùä áôøùú éìãé úéîï äðòãøéí..."éâàì àìåï äáéà àåúé îáéú-äçåìéí-îúðä ìçáøéí". äëúáú ëúáä "îúðú éåí äåìãú", àê òåøê éãéòåú àçøåðåú àîø ìäùîéè àú äôéñ÷ä äæàú ëîå ôéñ÷åú àçøåú ùéçùôå ëàï áôåøåí áäîùê îò÷á àçøé ääúôúçåéåú äîö"á áäîùê ìäåãòä æå.....!!
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àðöé÷ìåôãéä YNET
äçáøä äéùøàìéú: òìééä å÷ìéèä
The Israeli Society: Immigration and Absorption
òåìéí îúéîï, áîñâøú îáöò "îøáã ä÷ñîéí".
ñøè îàøëéåï àôé÷ ääéñèåøéä äéùøàìé.
http://www.ynet.co.il/yaan/0,7340,L-251320,00.html

äëðñú äùìåù-òùøä = øä"î éöç÷ øáéï
äàéøåòéí äãøîèééí ùðãåðå áëðñú äéå: äèáç áîòøú äîëôìä, ùáéöò äã"ø áøåê âåìãùèééï, åôøùú äøá òåæé îùåìí, ùôúçä îçãù àú ðåùà éìãé úéîï ùðòìîå áùðåú äîãéðä äøàùåðåú, åäáéàä ìä÷îúä ùì åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú ìáãé÷ú äðåùà......øöç øáéï !!
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îöò ìëðñú ùì úðåòú îåìãú
ç. éù ìáöò áãé÷ä éñåãéú áôøùú "éìãé úéîï"
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âãååììúøåîú äàæøç ä÷èï

éùðí äøáä ÷ùééí åáòéåú áîãéðú éùøàì. äùáåò ìîùì òìúä ùåá ìëåúøåú ñåâééú éìãé úéîï åéùðï ëéãåò òåã ëì îéðé áòéåú çáøúéåú åáòéåú îñåâ àçø.

åàúä äàæøç ä÷èï òåîã îåì ëì àìä åùåàì àú òöîê - îä àðé áëåçåúéé äãìéí îñåâì ìòæåø? àôùø ìîöåà úùåáä ìëê áôøùú äùáåò - ôøùú øàä. äôñå÷ äøàùåï áôøùä äåà: "øàä àðåëé ðåúï ìôðéëí äéåí áøëä å÷ììä". ôøùðé äî÷øà îúééçñéí ìòåáãä ùáôñå÷ äæä ÷ééîú áòéä ìùåðéú. äôñå÷ îúçéì áìùåï éçéã - "øàä" åîîùéê áìùåï øáéí - "ìôðéëí" (åìà - ìôðéê). ôúøåï äáòéä äåà ëê: äúåøä áôñå÷ äæä ôåðä àì äàãí äéçéã á÷øéàä: "øàä", äúáåðï áòåáãä ùìîòùéê éùðä äùôòä òì äöéáåø ëåìå åìëï äåà îîùéê áìùåï øáéí - "àðåëé ðåúï ìôðéëí äéåí áøëä å÷ììä". ëìåîø äáøéøä áéï áøëä ìáéï ÷ììä ìëìì äöéáåø úìåéä áîòùéå ùì äàãí äéçéã. àæ äúùåáä ìùàìä - äàí àðé îñåâì ìúøåí ìôúøåï ùì áòéåú öéáåøéåú ëì ëê âãåìåú áäé÷ôï? äéà - ëï! (áðåï øáúé). åàí éùàì àåúê îéùäå: "îä òùéú äéåí áùáéì äîãéðä"?
úåëì ìòðåú ìå áîìåà äøöéðåú, ùäãáøéí äèåáéí ùàúä òåùä áúåê äáéú ùìê, áî÷åí äòáåãä ùìê åëãåîä - æå áàîú úøåîä ìèåáú ëì äîãéðä. (ë"å àá úùð"æ

àøëéåï àåðéáñéèú áø-àéìï
http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/riz/

ñôø: äéìã àéððå-ôøùú éìãé úéîï
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îé éîìì âáåøåú áï âåøéåï
îúðçì ù÷åó / àìéöåø ñâì (éåí øáéòé, 31/12/2003 ùòä 0:21)
[email protected]

îòøëú äçéðåê ñåòøú åøåâùú. ùáéúåú åäùáúåú, äùâéí ðîåëéí åèòðåú äåøéí, çåñø îåèéáöéä åçåñø ùåøùéí, ëéùìåðåú çéðåëééí åëéùìåðåú ìéîåãééí. ëåìí àéðí îøåöéí.

àáì, ø÷ áåããéí éåøãéí ìùåøù äñéáä ùéöøä àú äîöá äæä.
ìöåøê ëê ðáäéø áîàîø æä îä îèøúå ùì äçéðåê äîîìëúé áîãéðú éùøàì.

äçéðåê äîîìëúé áîãéðú éùøàì ðåöø òì éãé ãåã áï-âåøéåï áîèøä ìäôåê àú ëì éìãé éùøàì ìîòøéöéí ðìäáéí ùì äöéåðåú äñåöéàìéñèéú, ëôé ùäåà äáéï àåúä, åùìå àéùéú.

òã àæ, îàæ éîé àáøäí àáéðå ùòìéå ðàîø - ''ëé éãòúéå ìîòï àùø éöåä àú áðéå åàú áéúå àçøéå åùîøå ãøê ä' ìòùåú öã÷ä åîùôè'' äéä äçéðåê îñåø áéãé ääåøéí. ääåøéí äéå äàçøàéí äáìòãééí ìäòáéø àú îñåøú äãåøåú îàá ìáï. àçøéåú æå äðéáä áëì äãåøåú ôøé äéìåìéí ëàùø âí áú÷åôåú ùáäï àöì äâåééí äéå ìîòìä îúùòéí åúùòä àçåæéí àðàìôàáúééí âîåøéí äøé áòí éùøàì éìã éäåãé ùìà éãò ÷øåà åëúåá äéä îöéàåú ðãéøä áéåúø.

äçéðåê äîîìëúé äå÷í òì îðú ì÷çú àú äéìãéí îäåøéäí áëåç äæøåò åìçðê àåúí îçãù áðéâåã ìøöåï äåøéäí.
ìôé îéèá äçæåï äàåøååìéàðé ìùéø áëì éåí, áøåç éîé çðåëä, îäâï åòã ñéåí äúéëåï -
îé éîìì âáåøåú áï-âåøéåï àåúï îé éîðä!
äï áëì ãåø é÷åí áï-âåøéåï âåàì äòí.
ùîò, áéîéí ääí áæîï äæä, áï-âåøéåï îåùéò åôåãä.
åáéîéðå ëì òí éùøàì éúàçã úçú ãâì áï-âåøéåï åééôãä.

áï-âåøéåï øàä àú äàåéá äòé÷øé ùìå áúðåòä äìàåîéú ìùìåçåúéä åìëï øéëæ àú ëì îàîöéå áò÷éøú ëì æëø ìäí, àå, âøåò îæä, áäùîöúí äò÷áéú. æ'áåèéðñ÷é àåîðí ùø - ''òåã ùìí ðùìí ìê ÷éï, àú ðùîåú öòéøéê ðéèåì'' àáì îé ùðèì àú ðùîåú äöòéøéí ùì äúðåòä äìàåîéú ìâååðéä äéä áï-âåøéåï.

ãåâîà îàìôú øàéðå ìà îæîï àöì àäåã àåìîøè, ùø áîîùìú äìéëåã, ëùäåà îø÷ã, îëøëø åî÷ø÷ø áëì òåæ ñáéá ÷áø áï-âåøéåï ëùäåà ùø áäúîñøåú äðôù ùáäùúôëåú äðôù - äï áëì ãåø é÷åí äúåúç ä÷ãåù âåàì äòí! ëàùø öàöàé àìèìðä äçåæéí áîçæä àéðí éåãòéí äàí ìöçå÷, ìáëåú, àå ìä÷éà àú ðùîúí îäîøàä äñåøéàìéñèé.

áòöí, äéçéã ùðéöì îäëúéùä äúåãòúéú äæå äéä ø÷ áðéîéï ðúðéäå. åæàú îùåí ùäåøéå éøãå ìçå''ì áæîï ùäéä áâéì öòéø éçñéú. ìëï, ìîøåú ùâí äåà ìà ðéöì îääøòìä, áëì æàú äåà ÷öú éåúø ð÷é.

îä ùäöéì àú äîçðä äìàåîé äéä äçéðåê äãúé.

òì îðú ìçñì àú éøéáéå äòé÷øééí áï-âåøéåï äéä îåëï ìúú àåèåðåîéä îñåéîú ìçéðåê äãúé.
ùí, áî÷åí ùòéï äàç äâãåì äééúä ôúåçä ø÷ ìîçöä, äúôúçä äòøöúí ùì àáà àçéîàéø, ùì ''éàéø'', ùì ø' îùä öáé ñâì, ùì ãåã øæéàì, éùøàì àìãã åàåøé öáé âøéðáøâ. áñåôå ùì ãáø îâîåú àìå, ùäéå áäúçìä ùåìéåú, äôëå ìãåîéððèéåú áçéðåê äãúé.

ìôéëê, ÷åøàéí äéåí äñåöéàìéñèéí ìîéðéäí ìçéðåê äãúé ìòùåú çùáåï ðôù. ëéåï ùäçéðåê äãúé ìà îéìà àú éòãå ìò÷åø àú äçéðåê äìàåîé åìäùøéù àú äòøöú äñåöéàìéæí áëìì åáï-âåøéåï áôøè. åáàîú, äí öåã÷éí. äàåèåðåîéä ùðéúðä ìçéðåê äãúé ìà äééúä îëååðú ìàôùø àú úçééú äîçðä äìàåîé. áñê äëåì äúëååðå ìàôùø ìùéø ìéã ''îé éîìì âáåøåú áï-âåøéåï'' âí ''îé éîìì âáåøåú äîôã''ì àåúï îé éîðä. äï áëì ãåø ú÷åí äîôã''ì âåàìú äãú'' ø÷ ùäçéðåê äãúé, áâìì äîâîåú äòöîàéåú äòåîãåú ááñéñå, ìà ò÷ø îï äéñåã ëì îéðé æøîéí àçøéí, ùðäåâ ìëðåúí ''òùáéí ùåèéí'', åëê ðåöøä îäôëä çéðåëéú áðéâåã ìøöåï î÷éîéå.

ãáø æä áà ìéãé áéèåé âìåé ëàùø òìä äìéëåã ìùìèåï. äåà äô÷éã àú äçéðåê áéãé äîôã''ì ôùåè îùåí ùìà äééúä ìå áøéøä, ìà äéå ìå àðùéí îúàéîéí. ìàçø îñôø ÷ãðöéåú ðéñä äìéëåã ì÷çú ìòöîå àú úé÷ äçéðåê àáì äúåöàåú ùàðå øåàéí àéðï éåúø èåáåú.

ìôéëê òëùéå òåìä äùàìä àéê îú÷ðéí?

äúâåáä äøàùåðéú äéà ùöøéê ìàæï îçãù àú äçéðåê áäåøàåú îìîòìä. åæä îä ùîðñéí ìòùåú òëùéå.

àéï ìê èòåú âãåìä îæå.

øàùéú, àðå ìòåìí ìà ðâéò ìàçã îéðé àìó îäàëæøéåú äáåèä ùì äñåöéàìéñèéí ìëì äéåúø ððñä ìàæï. åëáø ìéîãðå æ'áåèéðñ÷é áîàá÷ òì äàøõ ùëàùø àçã àåîø ''ëåìä ùìé'' åàçã àåîø ''çöéä ùìé'' äøé àçã é÷áì ùìåùú øáòé åäùðé ø÷ øáò. ëê ùìòåìí ìà ðåëì ìàæï.

ùðéú, äîòøëú áðåéä ëê ùëì ðéñéåï ìàçø çîéùéí ùðä ìäèåú àåúä îçãù ìîøëæ éú÷ì áëåçåú çæ÷éí îàåã îúåê äîòøëú ùéèå àåúä îçãù ìîäìê äèáòé ùìùîå äéà ðáðúä. îîù ëîå äâåó ùãåçä âåó æø ùðëðñ ìúåëå ëê âí îòøëú äçéðåê äðåëçéú ìàçø çîéùéí ùðä ãåçä ùúìéí ìàåîééí äæøéí ìä.

ùìéùéú, åæä äòé÷ø, äãáø ðåâã àú çåôù äáçéøä, åðåâã àú îåøùú éùøàì. äàçøéåú òì çéðåê äéìãéí äéà ùì ääåøéí ìà ùì ôåìéèøå÷éí äîîåðéí îèòí îùøã äçéðåê.

äôúøåï, øáåúé, ðîöà àöì äìéáøìéí ùðúðå ììéëåã àú äãâì ùì äì' äîúðåññú îòìéå. ñéñîú äìéáøìéí äééúä – úðå ìçéåú áàøõ äæàú! åæàú öøéëä ìäéåú ñéñîúðå – úðå ììîåã áàøõ äæàú!

àú äôúøåï ðéñç áöåøä îôåøèú ôøåô' îéìèåï ôøéãîï áñôøå ÷ôéèìéæí åçøåú.

öøéê ìôø÷ ìçìåèéï àú îòøëú äçéðåê åìäòáéø àú ëì äàçøéåú ìäåøéí. äîãéðä úúï úìåù ìëì éìã. úìåù æä îùîòå ùääåøéí øùàéí ìäåöéà òì çùáåï äîãéðä ñëåí ÷áåò åùåä ìéìãéí àçøéí òì çéðåëå ùì äéìã. ääåøéí éùëøå òì îåøéí áñëåí ùì äúìåù åéåëìå ëîåáï ìäåñéó îëéñí åîñôø äåøéí éåëìå ìä÷éí áé''ñ. ëê ùääåøéí äí ùéáçøå áîä ìäù÷éò - áâãø, áâéðä, ááéèçåï, àå áúåëðéåú äåøàä.

úéôúç úçøåú çåôùéú áéï áúé äñôø òì äúìîéãéí. àéëåú äìéîåãéí úòìä, äùáéúåú åääùáúåú éôñ÷å ìçìåèéï åâí éôñ÷å äîøéáåú òì äëñó ëéåï ùëåìí é÷áìå áãéå÷ àåúå ëñó.

áîöá ä÷ééí äîãéðä ìå÷çú îääåøéí ñëåí ùì ëùáòéí àçåæ îîùëåøúí. ëãé ìâáåú ñëåí æä äéà î÷éîä îðâðåï òð÷ åääåøéí îöéãí î÷éîéí îðâðåï òð÷ ðâãé ëãé ìãòú ëîä äí öøéëéí ìùìí åìùìí ëîä ùôçåú.

ìàçø ùäëñó ðâáä, éåùáéí ëì îéðé àðùéí îåîçéí àå ìà, áåòãåú øáåú ëçåì àùø òì ùôú äéí ìøåá ëãé ìçì÷ àåúå. ëåìí ëîåáï òåùéí æàú áùëø îìà.
áòöí äîèøä äòé÷øéú åäàîéúéú ùì äîðâðåï äæä äåà ìñô÷ ôøðñä ìàìå ùòåáãéí áå - ÷éåîí ùì äéìãéí åäöåøê ììîã àåúí ø÷ îôøéò ìîòøëú ìúô÷ã. äéà îúô÷ãú äøáä éåúø èåá áú÷åôú ùáéúä ëàùø äâåøí äîèøéã - äéìãéí - àéðå áîòøëú åäòåáãéí áä î÷áìéí àú ôøðñúí áìé öåøê ìòáåã.

áñåôå ùì ãáø àó ôòí àó àçã ìà îøåöä ëê ùéù ëì äæîï ùáéúåú åäùáúåú ùâí ëï òåìåú ëñó. òã ùäëñó îâéò ìúìîéã ëãé ùéìîã àéæä îùäå ÷èï äøé øåáå ëëåìå îúàãä áãøê.

ìëï, äôúøåï äåà úìåù ùååä ìëì úìîéã, ùéòáéø àú äàçøéåú ìäåøéí, éñééí àú äîøéáåú, àú ðéñéåðåú ääèéä äôåìéèééí åúù÷åè äàøõ ìðöç ðöçéí.

åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú øàùåðä äçéðåê áîçðåú äòåìéí
ã"ø ãá ìåéèï
ðéá äîãøùéä, ë-ë"à (úùî"æ-î"ç) (òî' 290-306)
äåãôñ ììà ääòøåú åäáéáìéåâôøéä

úåëï äîàîø:
à. îòøëú äçéðåê áîçðåú äòåìéí
á. äîöá áîçðåú äòåìéí îúéîï
(1) úìåðåú äòåìéí
(2) äúòøáåú òñ÷ðé äîôìâåú (äçæéú äãúéú)
(3) îàîøé äòéúåðåú
(4) çãéøä ìúåê îçðåú äòåìéí åäôöú ëøåæéí
â. òîãú îùøã äçéðåê
ã. òîãú åòã äéùéáåú
ä. åòãú äç÷éøä ùì áï âåøéåï
ãå"ç åòãú äç÷éøä ùîåðúä ò"é áï âåøéåï
úâåáú áï âåøéåï
å. åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú
äøëá äååòãä
ùéèú äòáåãä ùì äååòãä
îáðä äãå"ç
äôøñåîéí áòéúåðåú
æ. îñ÷ðåú äååòãä
ç. úâåáú òåáãé äîçì÷ä ìäðçìú äìùåï å÷ìéèä úøáåúéú
è. úâåáú áï âåøéåï ìîñ÷ðåú äåòãä
áéáìéåâøàôéä

ú÷öéø: äùîåòåú òì äëôééä äàðèé ãúéú áîçðåú äòåìí áùðéí 53-1949, äåáéìä ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú áðåùà. äøëá äåòéãä, äãå"ç, îñ÷ðåúéä åúâåáú áï âåøéåï.
http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/niv/levitan-1.htm

29.8.97
âæòðåú: äãéîåí äôðéîé äîåæðç
ôøùú éìãé úéîï äéà ø÷ ãåâîä àçú, àëæøéú áîéåçã.
http://www.tau.ac.il/~kasher/M130_78_97.doc.

"òøëä ìâéìåé ùèåéåú". ëê ÷øà äàñèøåðåí äðåãò, ÷øì ñééâï, ìçáéìú áãé÷åú ä"ðùìôú îï äàøåï ãøê-ùéâøä, ëì àéîú ùîåöòéí ìðå øòéåðåú çãùéí", áãáø äòåìí, äòåáãåú åääñáøéí. àãí äâåï ìà éñúô÷ á"òøëä ìâéìåé ùèåéåú", áùéøåú òöîé. àãí äâåï éøöä âí îòáãä ìæéäåé âæòðåú, áùéøåú ôòéì, áîàá÷ ìáéòåø ëì öåøåú äâæòðåú îï äòåìí.

îòáãä ìæéäåé âæòðåú úôòéì ò÷øåï éñåãé: äâæòï äåà áï-ãîåúå äîåëøú ùì äàâåàéñè. ùðéäí îùñòéí àú äàðåùåú ìùðééí. ñëéï äàâåàéñè îñîðú àú äâáåì áéðå ìáéï æåìúå. çøá äâæòï ùåîøú òì äçåîä ùáéï ä÷áåöä "äðòìä" ùìå ìáéï ä÷áåöåú "äðçåúåú". äàâåàéñè îëéø ø÷ áòøê òöîå. æåìúå äåà îëùéø. äâæòï îëáã ø÷ àú áðé ñåâå, ìôé äâæò, äöáò, äãú, äòí, äòãä, äîéï, äîòîã àå ëãåîä. ùðéäí ôåòìéí ø÷ îèòîéí àðåëééí, äàçã ìèåáú òöîå áìáã, äàçø ìèåáú ÷áåöúå áìáã. ìôòîéí ëãàé ìäí ìäáéà áçùáåï àú äàéðèøñéí ùì æåìúí, ùîà éôâò áäí ìøòä, àáì âí ëê, îøàéú äòéï ùì ääúçùáåú ìà îñúéøä àú îä ùúçúéä, àú äçæéøåú.

ìà ø÷ äàðèéùîéåú äéà öåøä ùì âæòðåú. ìà ø÷ îãéðéåú "äðé÷åé äàúðé" äéà öåøä ùì âæòðåú. âí çúéøä ìùéðåé äçå÷, ëê ùááçéøåú éåëìå ìäùúúó ø÷ äàæøçéí äéäåãéí ùì äîãéðä, äéà öåøä ùì âæòðåú. âí äúáèàåú ùéù áä âéðåé ùì àãí, ìà òì îòùéí øòéí, àìà òì äéåúå "ëåùé" àå áãåàé àå úéîðé, äéà öåøä ùì âæòðåú.

ôøùú éìãé úéîï îöèééøú éåúø åéåúø ëâéãåì ôøà ùì äáçðä ôñåìä áéï éåöàé àéøåôä ìéåöàé úéîï. âí äéà îâìîú öåøä îéåçãú ùì âæòðåú, àëæøéú åîúåòáú, ëëì ùéëåìä ìäéåú çèéôú éìãéí îäåøéäí òì éñåã ãòä ÷ãåîä. àéððé éåãò îé ðåùà áàùîä ìàôìéä äâæòðéú ùì äéìãéí äììå åîùôçåúéäí. àðé éåãò îé ðåùà áàçøéåú ìúé÷åï äîòååú: àðçðå. àôéìå îòè îãé åîàåçø îãé, äîãéðä çééáú ìçôù ëøàåé, ìîöåà áä÷ãí, ìàçã îùôçåú, ìôöåú ðéæå÷éí, áôä îìà åáéã øçáä. îä ùðòùä, áàåôï îåñøé ìîåôú, áãøê ì"çå÷ ìôéöåé ðôâòé âææú, úùð"ã - 1994", òì èéôåì ùðéúï ìôðé òùøåú ùðéí, øàåé ìäéòùåú ùáòúééí áãøê ìçå÷ ìôéöåé ðôâòé äâæòðåú, òì "èéôåì" ùðéúï áàåúï ùðéí.

äâæòðåú äéà ðèéä îñåëðú ìãéîåí áâåó äîãéðé. ìôòîéí îúâìä ìòéï ôöò ùåúú ãí. ìîøàä ôöò ëæä, àðçðå éåãòéí ìäæãòæò. òééï òøê: âåìãùèééï, äøåöç äð÷ìä á"îòøú äîëôìä". ìôòîéí àðçðå îáéèéí áôöò, î÷øåá àå îøçå÷, åúå ìà. òééï òøê: éìãé úéîï äðòìîéí. ìôòîéí àðçðå îñåâìéí ìäúòìí îäôöò, ëàéìå ìà äéä åìà ùúú. òééï òøê: äîñåøú äãúéú ùì "áéúà éùøàì" îàúéåôéä àå ùì ä÷åðñøáèéáéí îàøä"á. ãéîåí çéöåðé áâåó äîãéðé, àéï ìðå äøâì ìøôà àåúå, ãéîåí ôðéîé ìà ëì ùëï. äãîå÷øèéä äéùøàìéú îãîîú. äñëðä çîåøä åîîùéú.

äúäìéê äèéôåìé ìäöìú äãîå÷øèéä îôðé äãéîåí äôðéîé ùì äâæòðåú, éñåãå áäáðú äñëðåú, äîùëå áîìçîä éæåîä ðâãï. øàùéú, øàåé ìäáéï ùò÷øåðåú äãîå÷øèéä àéðí "ëììé îùç÷". àéï ùåí îùîòåú òîå÷ä ìëìì äëãåøâì ä÷åáò ùì÷áåöä 11 ùç÷ðéí. éù îùîòåú òîå÷ä ìëì ëìì áãîå÷øèéä. áùúé îìéí: ùìèåï ääâéðåú. îòøëú ðàåúä ùì æëåéåú äàæøç åîðâðåï ðàåú ùì äëøòú äøåá îùìéèéí àú ääâéðåú òì äçééí äàæøçééí. òåã øàåé ìäáéï ù"îãéðä éäåãéú åãîå÷øèéú" àéðä îãéðä ãîå÷øèéú áòøáåï îåñøé îåâáì. îãéðä øàåéä ìðàîðåú îåñøéú ùì àæøçéä, áä áîéãä ùäéà ãîå÷øèéú. îãéðú äéäåãéí çééáú ìîñåøú äöéåðéú åìò÷øåðåú äîåñø ðàîðåú âîåøä ìò÷øåðåú äãîå÷øèéä. äøåá äéäåãé äùìéè áçáøú äàæøçéí, çå÷ äùáåú åñîìé äîãéðä òåùéí àú äîãéðä éäåãéú áòìéì. ìà öøéê ìëøñí áãîå÷øèéä ìùí ëê.

ä÷øá äøàùåï áîìçîä ëðâã äâæòðåú éäéä ä÷øá òì äâãø. ìäöìéç áå, ôéøåùå ìäôåê àú äâæòðåú ìòîãä ìà ìâéèéîéú. ëáø äééðå á÷øá äæä ôòí åðéöçðå. àçø ëê áàä ðñéâä åòëùéå öøéê ìäéìçí ùðéú. äðä ãåâîä áâåó øàùåï: ìàçø ùëäðà ðáçø ìëðñú, äöòúé ìç"ë àçã ùéôðä ìðùéà äîãéðä áäöòä ìà ìäæîéï àú ëäðà ìùéçä äîñåøúéú, ì÷øàú äøëáú äîîùìä. ðùéà äîãéðä ðòúø ìäöòä, áúðàé ùúéùàø ñåãéú. äéà ðùàøä ëæàú, òã äéåí. ëäðà ìà äåæîï åáëê ðéúï äàåú ùîåúø ìäçøéí àú äâæòðéí, ìäåöéà àåúí àì îçåõ ìâãø, ìéîéí àôéìå îçåõ ìçå÷. çáø äëðñú äéä ãá æëéï, äðùéà äéä çééí äøöåâ. ìàçø ùäìëå ìòåìîí, ãåîä ùîåúø ìâìåú àú äñåã, ìùáç àú ùðéäí òì àåîõ äìá åòì äúøåîä ìáéòåø äâæòðåú. æéëøí ìáøëä.

ìôðé îñôø ùáåòåú ðøöçä áçáøåï äúéðå÷ú ùìäáú ôñ îëãåø ùðåøä îøåáä öìôéí ôìùúéðé. éøéä îèååç øçå÷, òì éãé îëùéø éøéä îùåëìì äîîå÷ã òì îèøä àðåùéú ÷èðä áéçñ àéððä îòùä ùâøúé ùéëåì ìäúáöò òì éãé "ñúí" àãí çîåí îåç àå îåñú; æåäé ôòåìä î÷öåòéú áøîä âáåää àùø ãåøùú öéåã îùåëìì åîéåîðåú äðåöøú ìàçø àéîåï.

àðå éåãòéí îôøñåîéí áú÷ùåøú ëé ä CIA äàîøé÷àé àéîï éçéãåú øöç îéåçãåú îáéï àðùé éàñø òøôàú, åëé áîñâøú äëùøä îéåçãú æå ðëììå âí ùòåøéí áöìéôä. äöéáåø ëåìå âí éåãò ùìàðùé éçéãåú àìä ñåô÷å øåáé öìôéí îú÷ãîéí áòìé òãùåú èìñ÷åôéåú åùäãáø ëåìå ðòùä áàéùåø îîùìú éùøàì.

äçå÷ø áàøé çîéù, îçáø äñôø "îé øöç àú éöç÷ øáéï?"
ôøñí äéåí, éåí á' ä3.7, îàîø åáå àéùø àú äòåáãåú, ëãìäìï:

"ùø äáèçåï, áðéîéï áï àìéòæø, àéùø áîñéáú òéúåðàéí ùðòøëä áîìåï òðáì áéøåùìéí á1 ìéåìé 2001 ëé ä C.I.A äàîøé÷àé àéîï éçéãåú øöç ùì àù"ó áàøä"á, áàéùåøí ùì îîùìú áø÷ åùîòåï ôøñ – ëéåí ùø äçåõ áîîùìúå ùì ùøåï, åáòáø äùø ìôéúåç àæåøé áîîùìúå ùì áø÷."

áäîùê ãáøéå ôøñí îø çîéù ùåøä ùì âéìåééí ðåñôéí ôøé îç÷øéå àùø, ìãòúðå, çùåá ùäöéáåø äéùøàìé é÷ç áçùáåï ìôçåú ëúéàåøéä. ëì çì÷ îï äãáøéí ùìäìï, àí åëàùø éúáøø ëðëåï, äåà áòì äùìëåú îùîòåúéåú áéåúø ìòúéãä ùì îãéðú éùøàì áôøè åìòúéãå ùì äòí äéäåãé áëìì:

1. øöç æéâìáåéí: äàîú

áòéöåîä ùì ú÷åôú äîàñø ùì äøá òåæé îùåìí – ùäéä äøàùåï ùäòìä àú úòìåîú çèéôúí åäéòìîí ùì éìãé úéîï áùðåú ä50 – ðøöç ä÷öéï éò÷á æéâìáåéí òì éãé ôéöåõ îëåðéúå. äú÷ùåøú – áäùøàú äîùèøä – éöøä àú äøåùí ùäøöç áåöò òì éãé çñéãé äøá îùåìí, ëð÷îä òì éçñ òåééï ùì æéâìáåéí ëìôé îùåìí. îéãò ùîñø áðå ùì æéâìáåéí ìîø çîéù ñåúø æàú: ìôé îéãò æä, æéâìáåéí äéä áéçñéí îöåééðéí òí îùåìí, åðøöç, ëðøàä òì éãé äùá"ë, ùáåòééí ìôðé ùäéä òìéå ìîñåø ãéååç áååòãä îîùìúéú ìâáé äèéôåì äøôåàé ù÷éáì îùåìí áëìà. ìôé äòãåéåú ñáì îùåìí, áîñâøú "èéôåì øôåàé" æä, îäúòììåú ÷ùä òì ø÷ò ôåìéèé, îä ùâøí ìå, áñåôå ùì ãáø, ìðæ÷ âåôðé åøåçðé áìúé äôéê ùîäí äåà ñåáì òã äéåí. ëîå ëï äåçøîå éåîðå åîçùáå ùì îø æéâìáåéí òì éãé äîùèøä – åùåèøéí åñåäøéí ùðùàìå ìâáé äðåùà çåùùéí ìäòéã ìâáéå.

2. îòåøáåú äùá"ë

äçùã äøàùåðé ìëê ùøöç æéâìáåéí áåöò òì éãé äùá"ë èîåðä áøîä äî÷öåòéú äèëðéú äâáåää ùì áéöåò äøöç, àùø àðùé îùåìí ìà éëåìéí äéå ìáöò ùëîåúä àôéìå àí äéå øåöéí. àê çùåá îëê áäøáä äåà äîðéò, àùø ùåìì àôùøåú ìøöåï ëæä îìëúçéìä: ìôé òãåúå ùì æéâìáåéí, ëôé ùðîñøä òì éãé áðå, äéä äåà äéçéã àéúå äéä äøá îùåìí îåëï ìãáø åäéçñéí áéðéäí äéå èåáéí. ãáø æä äéä, ëðøàä, úåöàä ùì äòåáãä ùæéâìáåéí äéä äéçéãé àùø äúééçñ ìîùåìí áàåôï äåîðé. äâåøîéí ùøöçå àåúå çùùå, ëðøàä, îîéãò ùäåà òìåì ìîñåø ìâáé ä"èéôåìéí" ù÷éáì îùåìí, àùø äéä ùåôê àåø òì äîæéîä ëðâãå.

áôâéùä ùðòøëä áëìà áéï îùåìí ìáàøé çîéù, çùó äøá îùåìí àú îä ùòåîã äï îàçåøé ääúòììåú äéùéøä áå åäï îàçåøé äøãéôä åäøöç ùì æéâìáåéí: äðåùà äåà äîôúç ìôúøåï úòìåîú éìãé úéîï åäàãí ùìãáøé îùåìí ðåùà áàçøéåú äøàùéú ìãáøéí äåà ùîòåï ôøñ.

3. éìãé úéîï: ôúøåï äúòìåîä

áùéçúå òí äøá îùåìí, àîø äøá ìáàøé çîéù àú äãáøéí äáàéí: "áùðåú ä40, ìà äéúä òãééï ìàîøé÷àéí äáðä ìâáé äùôòåúéä ùì ä÷øéðä äàèåîéú. äí òøëå ðéñåééí á÷øéðä òì éìãéí îôâøéí, åáòé÷ø òì àñéøéí ùçåøéí áãøåí àøä"á. àê äðéñåééí ðçùôå åäåôñ÷å. äàîøé÷àéí äéå æ÷å÷éí ìùôðé ðñéåï áùáéì äðéñåééí ùìäí, åáàåúå äæîï äéúä éùøàì ðçåùä áëååðúä ìáðåú ëåø âøòéðé åìééöø, áñåôå ùì ãáø, ôööåú àèåí. äöøôúéí éãòå àéê ìáðåú ëåø âøòéðé, àê ø÷ ìàîøé÷àéí äéå ñåãåú áðééú äôööåú. éùøàì îñøä úéðå÷åú úéîðééí ìàîøé÷àéí ëãé ùéùîùå ëòëáøé îòáãä, áúîåøä ìñåãåú àìä. äàãí ùòîã áøàù úëðéú äàèåí äéùøàìéú äéä ùîòåï ôøñ. äåà ùëðò àú äöøôúéí ìáðåú àú äëåø áãéîåðä, åäåà äçùåã îñ. 1 ùìé ìâáé äçèéôåú. äåà äîôìöú åäåà øåãó àçøé. äåà øåãó àçøé ëåìðå."

ñéëåí åäòøëä:

ëãé ìñëí àú äãáøéí, ìöåøê äòøëú äùìëåúéäí, éù ìæëåø ëé, ìôé äòøëåúéäí ùì øáéí àùø àéðí "÷åðéí" àú äâøñà äøùîéú ìâáé øöç øáéï, ùîòåï ôøñ äåà äçùåã äøàùåï áîòìä á"áéùåì" äøöç. òì ôé úéàåøéä æå, ùåúó ùîòåï ôøñ ìøáéí îäîäìëéí äðñúøéí ùì äôåìéèé÷ä äî÷åîéú åäòåìîéú âí éçã á50 äùðä äàçøåðåú. áòåáãä æå éù ìäñáéø äøáä ìâáé äàéðèøñéí ùàìéäí ãåçó ôøñ áòùåø äàçøåï, ùàéðí àìä ùì îãéðú éùøàì àå ùì äòí äéäåãé, àìà ùì îòéï îîùìä òåìîéú, ùùåúôéí áä, áéï äéúø, àù"ó, äàå"í åäçéæáàììä (øàä î÷øä ìáðåï).

ìäòøëúðå, àãí ëîå ôøñ, çæ÷ åøá äùôòä ëëì ùéäéä, àéðå éëåì ìäéåú àìà ÷öä ä÷øçåï ùì îãéðéåú î÷éôä áéåúø, äëåììú ëåçåú áéðìàåîééí. ëåçåú àìä, äëåììéí çì÷éí ðéëøéí îòåìí äîãéðéåú äàîøé÷àé åäàéøåôàé, ôåòìéí, ëðøàä, ëëì éëåìúí, ëãé ìðäì àú äòåìí áëìì åàú îä ùðåâò ìòðéðééä ùì îãéðú éùøàì áôøè. àéï ñô÷ ùäòðééï ùîâìä äòåìí áôåìéèé÷ä äéùøàìéú îàæ ú÷åîú òí éùøàì áàøöå ìôðé ëîàä ùðä – ëåìì äàéøåò äîéåçã åäìà îåáï ëì ëê ùì ä÷îú îãéðú éùøàì – çåùó àú äòåáãä ùâåøîéí øáéí áòåìí îòøéëéí ëé ì"ñëñåê áîæøç äúéëåï" éù äùìëåú ëáéøåú òì òúéã äòåìí; éåúø îñáéø ìäðéç ùéù, áéï ëåçåú äòøéöåú áòåìí, øáéí äøåàéí àú äòí äéäåãé äîúòåøø ëàéåí îîùé òì òîãåú ùìéèä òåìîéåú ùð÷ðå áîùê îàåú åàåìé àìôé ùðéí.

ëì çì÷ îäãáøéí ìòéì òùåé ìäéåú çì÷ îúîåðä ëåììú äîñáéøä àú äîòåøáåú äçøéôä ùì àéøåôä åàøä"á áñëñåê äðåëçé, ÷øé: àú äîàîõ äòöåí ùäï òåùåú – áéï äéúø áàîöòåú àøâåðéí "àåáéé÷èéáééí åðéèøìééí" ëáéëåì, ëîå äàå"í – ìäúòøá áòéîåú äðåëçé åìäùôéò áå, áòé÷ø ìøòú éùøàì.

îúåê ú÷ååä ùäöã÷ éöà ìàåø, àðå îåãéí ìáàøé çîéù òì îàîöéå åîàçìéí ìå åìëåìðå ùðæëä ìøàåú áçééðå àú äàùîéí ðåúðéí àú äãéï òì ôùòéäí.

áëáåã øá
îöéàåú
http://www.philosofia.org/who/Meziut/prime_suspect.htm
îöéàåú ìîòï äèåá, äàîú åäöã÷
http://www.philosofia.org/who/Meziut/

âéìåé ãòú áòðééï ôøòåú úùñ"à
áòðéï äîú÷ôä äáøáøéú ùì äòøáéí äôìùúéí åùåúôéäí ëðâã éùøàì òøä"ù úùñ"à

1. äàçøéåú äîåñøéú ìðæ÷é îìçîä îåèìú ëåìä òì äôåúçéí áä. ìôéëê, ëì äàçøéåú äîåñøéú ìðæ÷é ääú÷ôåú äáøáøéåú ùì äòøáéí äôìùúéí ëðâã éùøàì áéîéí äàçøåðéí îåèìú òì ëúôé äîú÷éôéí åøàùéäí åáøàùí éàñø òøôàú åòåæøéå. àìä äàçøåðéí, äîçåééáéí áçåæä áéðìàåîé ìùîéøä òì äùìåí, äí äéåí áîòîã ùì îôøé çåæä.

2. äèéòåðéí äøòéåðééí äîåöâéí òì éãé îðäéâé äúå÷ôéí ëäñáø ìäú÷ôåúéäí àéðí øàåééí ìãéåï øöéðé åéù ìãçåúí òì äñó áùì äéåúí àîöòé äùäéä åúéøåöéí ìãáø òáéøä. àñåø ùðçéúåúä äøòéåðéú-îåñøéú ùì ääðäâä äéùøàìéú, äáàä ìéãé áéèåé áéëåìåú éøåãåú ùì úéô÷åã åééùåí, úéúôù òì éãé àæøçé éùøàì ëàôùøåú äøòéåðéú-îåñøéú äéçéãä: ÷ééîåú àôùøåéåú ðëåðåú åöåã÷åú éåúø, àùø àéðï îéåùîåú òì éãé äîîùì ä÷ééí.

3. äöã÷ åäîåñø äîåçìèéí îçééáéí àú îãéðú éùøàì ìäâï òì àæøçéä áîìåà ëåçä åìäùîéã ëì àåéá äîàééí òìéäí. àñåø ùùé÷åìéí æøéí, ëîå ãàâä ìòðééðéí ùì ãòú ÷äì òåìîéú, àå ôâéòä "îéåúøú" áâåøîéí òåéðéí, éäéå áòìé îù÷ì áäçìèåú äðåâòåú ìäâðä òì æëåéåú äàãí ùì àæøçé éùøàì äîåú÷ôéí.

4. îãéðú éùøàì îçåéáú îåñøéú ìôòåì ëðâã ëì âåøí, îáéú àå îçåõ, äîàùéí àåúä áàçøéåú ëìùäé ìðòùä òì éãé úå÷ôéä. áîöá ä÷ééí, áå îèéìéí âåøîéí îãéðééí çéöåðééí òì éå"ø äìéëåã àçøéåú ìðæ÷é äîú÷ôä, îäååä ùúé÷ú ä÷åàìéöéä ùéúåó ôòåìä òí àåéáé éùøàì åäæîðä ùì îãéðä æøä ìäúòøá áòðéðéä äôðéîééí ùì éùøàì.

5. òì àæøçé éùøàì ìá÷ø àú ôòåìúä ùì îîùìúí ìàåøê äîùáø äðãåï åáëìì æä ìãøåù àú èéäåø ùåøåúéä îðåùàé úô÷éãéí ùîòìå áàçøéåúí äöéáåøéú; éù ìäåöéà îï äîîùì ëì âåøí îôø çåæä ùìà îéìà àú äúçééáåúå ìæëåéåú äàãí ùì äàæøçéí åäòãéó òì ôðéäí ùé÷åìéí æøéí. áî÷øéí îéåçãéí, ëîå äô÷øú ôöåòéí, éù ìîöåú àú äãéï òí ðåùàé äúô÷éãéí äàçøàéí ìîçãì.

6. äñëîú çì÷ îï ääðäâä äøåçðéú äéùøàìéú ìîú÷ôä äáøáøéú ùìòéì, éçã òí ìé÷åéé äúô÷åã äçîåøéí ùì ääðäâä äîãéðéú, îàééîéí ìôåøø åìäëçéã àú äéùåú äìàåîéú äéùøàìéú. ìäòøëúðå, ëì äîúòìí å/àå îëçéù àú òåáãåú äîöéàåú ä÷åãøåú äììå, àùø àðå çååéí òì áùøðå áéîéí äàçøåðéí, äåà, áî÷øä äèåá, ùåèä, áî÷øä äâøåò ùåúó ìôùò - åáëì î÷øä ìå÷ä áàåôï îìà àå çì÷é áàé ùôéåú.

äåãòä åäöäøä
àåäã ÷îéï, ôéìåñåó éùøàìé åìåçí ìîòï æëåéåú äàãí, îðäì "îöéàåú", àâåãä äâåúéú, ðòöø áéåí ä' ë"â ñéååï ä14.6 òì éãé äîùèøä áòéöåîä ùì ôòåìú îçàä ùàøâðä úðåòú "æå àøöðå" ëðâã äùìèåï. áôòåìä, ùäúáöòä á÷ðä îéãä àøöé, äåáòä îçàä òì äô÷øú àæøçé éùøàì áùì îãéðéåú ääáìâä ùì îîùìú éùøàì. áôòåìú îçàä æå ðòöøå âí éàéø âåôï, îåæ ìåé åùùåï òåáãéä, çáøé "îöéàåú".

áéåí å' äåáà îø ÷îéï ìäòøëú îòöøå ááéú äîùôè áéøåùìéí, åáå îñø àú ääöäøä äáàä:

"áãéå÷ ìôðé ùáåòééí äúéøä îîùìú éùøàì ìàìôé øåöçéí ôåèðöéàìééí ìäëðñ ìéøåùìéí ììà áãé÷ä. äîîùìä äéà çì÷ îäîðâðåï ùì îãéðú éùøàì ùàéôùø ôâéòä æå áæëåéåú äàãí ùìé, ëîå áæëåéåú äàãí ùì ùàø àæøçé îãéðú éùøàì. áëê ô÷òä æëåúå ùì äîîùì ìðäì àú çéé; àðé àéððé îëéø áñîëåúå äîåñøéú ùì îðâðåï æä, àùø áéú äîùôè äæä îäååä çì÷ îîðå åàéððé îåëï ìùúó òîå ôòåìä.

áäòãø ñîëåú îåñøéú, ëì îä ùéù áéãëí òìé äéåí äåà ëç äæøåò áìáã."

äåãòä òì äôñ÷ä åñéøåá ìúùìåí àâøä

äçùåã äòé÷øé – òì ùîòåï ôøñ, éìãé úéîï, CIA åòåã
ìôðé îñôø ùáåòåú ðøöçä áçáøåï äúéðå÷ú ùìäáú ôñ îëãåø ùðåøä îøåáä öìôéí ôìùúéðé. éøéä îèååç øçå÷, òì éãé îëùéø éøéä îùåëìì äîîå÷ã òì îèøä àðåùéú ÷èðä áéçñ àéððä îòùä ùâøúé ùéëåì ìäúáöò òì éãé "ñúí" àãí çîåí îåç àå îåñú; æåäé ôòåìä î÷öåòéú áøîä âáåää àùø ãåøùú öéåã îùåëìì åîéåîðåú äðåöøú ìàçø àéîåï.

àðå éåãòéí îôøñåîéí áú÷ùåøú ëé ä CIA äàîøé÷àé àéîï éçéãåú øöç îéåçãåú îáéï àðùé éàñø òøôàú, åëé áîñâøú äëùøä îéåçãú æå ðëììå âí ùòåøéí áöìéôä. äöéáåø ëåìå âí éåãò ùìàðùé éçéãåú àìä ñåô÷å øåáé öìôéí îú÷ãîéí áòìé òãùåú èìñ÷åôéåú åùäãáø ëåìå ðòùä áàéùåø îîùìú éùøàì.

äçå÷ø áàøé çîéù, îçáø äñôø "îé øöç àú éöç÷ øáéï?" ôøñí äéåí, éåí á' ä3.7, îàîø åáå àéùø àú äòåáãåú, ëãìäìï:

"ùø äáèçåï, áðéîéï áï àìéòæø, àéùø áîñéáú òéúåðàéí ùðòøëä áîìåï òðáì áéøåùìéí á1 ìéåìé 2001 ëé ä C.I.A äàîøé÷àé àéîï éçéãåú øöç ùì àù"ó áàøä"á, áàéùåøí ùì îîùìú áø÷ åùîòåï ôøñ – ëéåí ùø äçåõ áîîùìúå ùì ùøåï, åáòáø äùø ìôéúåç àæåøé áîîùìúå ùì áø÷."

áäîùê ãáøéå ôøñí îø çîéù ùåøä ùì âéìåééí ðåñôéí ôøé îç÷øéå àùø, ìãòúðå, çùåá ùäöéáåø äéùøàìé é÷ç áçùáåï ìôçåú ëúéàåøéä. ëì çì÷ îï äãáøéí ùìäìï, àí åëàùø éúáøø ëðëåï, äåà áòì äùìëåú îùîòåúéåú áéåúø ìòúéãä ùì îãéðú éùøàì áôøè åìòúéãå ùì äòí äéäåãé áëìì:

1. øöç æéâìáåéí: äàîú

áòéöåîä ùì ú÷åôú äîàñø ùì äøá òåæé îùåìí – ùäéä äøàùåï ùäòìä àú úòìåîú çèéôúí åäéòìîí ùì éìãé úéîï áùðåú ä50 – ðøöç ä÷öéï éò÷á æéâìáåéí òì éãé ôéöåõ îëåðéúå. äú÷ùåøú – áäùøàú äîùèøä – éöøä àú äøåùí ùäøöç áåöò òì éãé çñéãé äøá îùåìí, ëð÷îä òì éçñ òåééï ùì æéâìáåéí ëìôé îùåìí. îéãò ùîñø áðå ùì æéâìáåéí ìîø çîéù ñåúø æàú: ìôé îéãò æä, æéâìáåéí äéä áéçñéí îöåééðéí òí îùåìí, åðøöç, ëðøàä òì éãé äùá"ë, ùáåòééí ìôðé ùäéä òìéå ìîñåø ãéååç áååòãä îîùìúéú ìâáé äèéôåì äøôåàé ù÷éáì îùåìí áëìà. ìôé äòãåéåú ñáì îùåìí, áîñâøú "èéôåì øôåàé" æä, îäúòììåú ÷ùä òì ø÷ò ôåìéèé, îä ùâøí ìå, áñåôå ùì ãáø, ìðæ÷ âåôðé åøåçðé áìúé äôéê ùîäí äåà ñåáì òã äéåí. ëîå ëï äåçøîå éåîðå åîçùáå ùì îø æéâìáåéí òì éãé äîùèøä – åùåèøéí åñåäøéí ùðùàìå ìâáé äðåùà çåùùéí ìäòéã ìâáéå.

2. îòåøáåú äùá"ë

äçùã äøàùåðé ìëê ùøöç æéâìáåéí áåöò òì éãé äùá"ë èîåðä áøîä äî÷öåòéú äèëðéú äâáåää ùì áéöåò äøöç, àùø àðùé îùåìí ìà éëåìéí äéå ìáöò ùëîåúä àôéìå àí äéå øåöéí. àê çùåá îëê áäøáä äåà äîðéò, àùø ùåìì àôùøåú ìøöåï ëæä îìëúçéìä: ìôé òãåúå ùì æéâìáåéí, ëôé ùðîñøä òì éãé áðå, äéä äåà äéçéã àéúå äéä äøá îùåìí îåëï ìãáø åäéçñéí áéðéäí äéå èåáéí. ãáø æä äéä, ëðøàä, úåöàä ùì äòåáãä ùæéâìáåéí äéä äéçéãé àùø äúééçñ ìîùåìí áàåôï äåîðé. äâåøîéí ùøöçå àåúå çùùå, ëðøàä, îîéãò ùäåà òìåì ìîñåø ìâáé ä"èéôåìéí" ù÷éáì îùåìí, àùø äéä ùåôê àåø òì äîæéîä ëðâãå.

áôâéùä ùðòøëä áëìà áéï îùåìí ìáàøé çîéù, çùó äøá îùåìí àú îä ùòåîã äï îàçåøé ääúòììåú äéùéøä áå åäï îàçåøé äøãéôä åäøöç ùì æéâìáåéí: äðåùà äåà äîôúç ìôúøåï úòìåîú éìãé úéîï åäàãí ùìãáøé îùåìí ðåùà áàçøéåú äøàùéú ìãáøéí äåà ùîòåï ôøñ.

3. éìãé úéîï: ôúøåï äúòìåîä

áùéçúå òí äøá îùåìí, àîø äøá ìáàøé çîéù àú äãáøéí äáàéí: "áùðåú ä40, ìà äéúä òãééï ìàîøé÷àéí äáðä ìâáé äùôòåúéä ùì ä÷øéðä äàèåîéú. äí òøëå ðéñåééí á÷øéðä òì éìãéí îôâøéí, åáòé÷ø òì àñéøéí ùçåøéí áãøåí àøä"á. àê äðéñåééí ðçùôå åäåôñ÷å. äàîøé÷àéí äéå æ÷å÷éí ìùôðé ðñéåï áùáéì äðéñåééí ùìäí, åáàåúå äæîï äéúä éùøàì ðçåùä áëååðúä ìáðåú ëåø âøòéðé åìééöø, áñåôå ùì ãáø, ôööåú àèåí. äöøôúéí éãòå àéê ìáðåú ëåø âøòéðé, àê ø÷ ìàîøé÷àéí äéå ñåãåú áðééú äôööåú. éùøàì îñøä úéðå÷åú úéîðééí ìàîøé÷àéí ëãé ùéùîùå ëòëáøé îòáãä, áúîåøä ìñåãåú àìä. äàãí ùòîã áøàù úëðéú äàèåí äéùøàìéú äéä ùîòåï ôøñ. äåà ùëðò àú äöøôúéí ìáðåú àú äëåø áãéîåðä, åäåà äçùåã îñ. 1 ùìé ìâáé äçèéôåú. äåà äîôìöú åäåà øåãó àçøé. äåà øåãó àçøé ëåìðå."

ñéëåí åäòøëä:

ëãé ìñëí àú äãáøéí, ìöåøê äòøëú äùìëåúéäí, éù ìæëåø ëé, ìôé äòøëåúéäí ùì øáéí àùø àéðí "÷åðéí" àú äâøñà äøùîéú ìâáé øöç øáéï, ùîòåï ôøñ äåà äçùåã äøàùåï áîòìä á"áéùåì" äøöç. òì ôé úéàåøéä æå, ùåúó ùîòåï ôøñ ìøáéí îäîäìëéí äðñúøéí ùì äôåìéèé÷ä äî÷åîéú åäòåìîéú âí éçã á50 äùðä äàçøåðåú. áòåáãä æå éù ìäñáéø äøáä ìâáé äàéðèøñéí ùàìéäí ãåçó ôøñ áòùåø äàçøåï, ùàéðí àìä ùì îãéðú éùøàì àå ùì äòí äéäåãé, àìà ùì îòéï îîùìä òåìîéú, ùùåúôéí áä, áéï äéúø, àù"ó, äàå"í åäçéæáàììä (øàä î÷øä ìáðåï).

ìäòøëúðå, àãí ëîå ôøñ, çæ÷ åøá äùôòä ëëì ùéäéä, àéðå éëåì ìäéåú àìà ÷öä ä÷øçåï ùì îãéðéåú î÷éôä áéåúø, äëåììú ëåçåú áéðìàåîééí. ëåçåú àìä, äëåììéí çì÷éí ðéëøéí îòåìí äîãéðéåú äàîøé÷àé åäàéøåôàé, ôåòìéí, ëðøàä, ëëì éëåìúí, ëãé ìðäì àú äòåìí áëìì åàú îä ùðåâò ìòðéðééä ùì îãéðú éùøàì áôøè. àéï ñô÷ ùäòðééï ùîâìä äòåìí áôåìéèé÷ä äéùøàìéú îàæ ú÷åîú òí éùøàì áàøöå ìôðé ëîàä ùðä – ëåìì äàéøåò äîéåçã åäìà îåáï ëì ëê ùì ä÷îú îãéðú éùøàì – çåùó àú äòåáãä ùâåøîéí øáéí áòåìí îòøéëéí ëé ì"ñëñåê áîæøç äúéëåï" éù äùìëåú ëáéøåú òì òúéã äòåìí; éåúø îñáéø ìäðéç ùéù, áéï ëåçåú äòøéöåú áòåìí, øáéí äøåàéí àú äòí äéäåãé äîúòåøø ëàéåí îîùé òì òîãåú ùìéèä òåìîéåú ùð÷ðå áîùê îàåú åàåìé àìôé ùðéí.

ëì çì÷ îäãáøéí ìòéì òùåé ìäéåú çì÷ îúîåðä ëåììú äîñáéøä àú äîòåøáåú äçøéôä ùì àéøåôä åàøä"á áñëñåê äðåëçé, ÷øé: àú äîàîõ äòöåí ùäï òåùåú – áéï äéúø áàîöòåú àøâåðéí "àåáéé÷èéáééí åðéèøìééí" ëáéëåì, ëîå äàå"í – ìäúòøá áòéîåú äðåëçé åìäùôéò áå, áòé÷ø ìøòú éùøàì.

îúåê ú÷ååä ùäöã÷ éöà ìàåø, àðå îåãéí ìáàøé çîéù òì îàîöéå åîàçìéí ìå åìëåìðå ùðæëä ìøàåú áçééðå àú äàùîéí ðåúðéí àú äãéï òì ôùòéäí.

áëáåã øá

îöéàåú


äîîùì áéùøàì àéððå ìâéèéîé

äñëîé àåñìå: îé îùìí àú äîçéø? àå: áééìéï ëîùì
îùôè öã÷ öøéê ìäéåú âåìú äëåúøú ùì ëì ñëñåê àðåùé, àéùé àå çáøúé – åæå äãøê ùáä òìéðå ìôòåì ìîòï òðéððå äöåã÷.

áùòä âåøìéú æå, ùáä îúòîú òí éùøàì òí àåéáéå åùåðàéå, çåáä òìéðå ìòùåú äëì ëãé ìñééò ììåçîéðå åìäå÷éò àú àìä ùîëùéìéí àåúå

åáøàù åáøàùåðä îåèìú òìéðå çåáä îåñøéú ìäå÷éò àú ëì îé ùäéä ùåúó áéöéøú äîöá äîçøéã ùàìéå ð÷ìò äòí áîñâøú äñëí ä"ùìåí": äñëí àåñìå.

ìà ø÷ ùäñëí ìà-îåñøé æä, àùø àéôùø ìçì÷ äáåâãðé ùì äòí ìîñåø ìéãé äàåééá éëåìú øöç âãåìä åìîñåø ìéãé äîøöçéí çì÷ îáðé òîðå, àéðå îå÷ò òì éãé ùìéèéðå – àìà ùàìä ùäéå ùåúôéí ìå îîùéëéí åúåîëéí áééùåîå òì àó äôùòéí àùø áåöòå áùîå òì éãé àåáéðå.

áæîï äæä, ùáå ðòùä áøåø éåúø åéåúø ùäñëí æä ìà äéä àìà "ñåñ èøåéàðé" – îëùéø îìçîä îúåçëí åøá òöîä ùáå äùúîùå ëðâãðå àåéáðå ëãé ìäáéñðå òì àãîúðå, òìéðå ìäúééçñ ìäñëí àåñìå ëàì ôòåìú îìçîä ëðâã äòí äéäåãé îöã àåéáéðå – åëôòåìú áâéãä îöã äçì÷ ùäéä ùåúó ìå îöã äòí äéäåãé.

åçùåã áéðéðå ëàåééá – àå ëîùúó ôòåìä òí äàåééá – ëì îé ùäéúä ìå éã áéöéøúå ùì äñëí æä, áàéùåøå, áúîéëä áå å/àå áòéãåãå – åëì ðåùà úô÷éã ùôòì ìèåáú äñëí æä àå ùìà ôòì ìîðåò àåúå, áîñâøú úô÷éãå åñîëåúå.

ìëï, éù ìäòîéã ìãéï ëçùåã ááâéãä ëì îçæé÷ úô÷éã ùìèåðé ùäéä îòåøá áúäìéê ä"ùìåí" äîæåééó åäáåâãðé àùø âáä îçáøúðå ëåìä ÷øáðåú øáéí, ëãé ìáøø àú àçøéåúå äàéùéú áòðéï.

ìöåøê îé÷åã åäãâùä éù ìäåñéó âí ëé áäñëí àåñìå çîåøéí áîéåçã äí äçì÷éí ùáäí ÷éáì äàåééá îîãéðú éùøàì ñéåò éùéø ìôòåìåú øöç åáéðéäï îñéøú ëîåéåú âãåìåú ùì ðù÷ åúçîåùú åùçøåø ëìåàéí øáéí äîñåëðéí ìòí éùøàì – ãáøéí ùäåëç îòì ìëì ñô÷ ëé âøîå áàåôï éùéø ìîòùé øöç áòîðå. ôòåìåú àìä îçééáåú ç÷éøä àåáéé÷èéáéú îãå÷ã÷ú ìöåøê áéøåø äàçøéåú äàéùéú ùì äîòåøáéí ìà ø÷ áúçåîé äéæéîä åäúëðåï àìà âí áúçåîé äôé÷åç åäáèçåðåú.

îäöåøä ùáä îúðäìéí áùðä äàçøåðä äîäìëéí äîãéðééí ðéúï ìäñé÷ ëé òåøëé ääñëí ìà äöéáå ùåí âáåìåú ìöã äòøáé äçúåí òìéå, åëé ìà äåâãøå áùåí öåøä äúðàéí ìáéèåìå áîéãä åîúáöòú äôøä ùìå. ãáø æä, ùàåúå ðéúï ììîåã îäìçõ äáéðìàåîé äîåôòì òì éùøàì òì àó äàìéîåú äôìùúéðàéú, äéä áàçøéåú ðöéâé äîîùì äéùøàìé; ìëï, éù ìòøåê ç÷éøä åãøéùä àöì äðöéâéí äàìä åìëôåúí ìäöéâ ìôðé äöéáåø äéùøàìé àú îìåà äôøèéí ìâáé äãøê ùáä äâðå òì òðéðéå.

îúô÷éãå ùì áéú äîùôè éäéä ìäôøéã áéï àìä ùâøîå ðæ÷ áùåââ ìàìä ùòùå æàú áîæéã; àéï æä îï äðîðò ùøáéí îîúëððé ääñëí, îäåâéå åîîôòéìéå – ëîå øáéí îàìä ùòãééï úåîëéí áå áäååä – áéññå àú ôòåìåúéäí òì äðçåú ùì øöåï èåá åàîåðä úîéîä áëê ùääñëí çéåáé åùàåéáéðå àëï îåëðéí ìòùåú òéîðå ùìåí.

àê òì àìä åâí òì àìä ìùìí àú îçéø äôùò, áéï àí îãåáø áîæéîú îòì éùéøä àå áøùìðåú áìáã – åæä âí îä ùùåîä òì îîùì öåã÷ ìòùåú òí øá äîøöçéí åòåæøéå: ìòåöøí, ìàñøí åìäòîéãí ìãéï.

äñéîèøéä ìà ñéîèøéú

çùåã ááâéãä: äñëí àåñìå

îëúá âìåé ìðùéà àøä"á

îëúá ìàøéàì ùøåï

îîùìú éùøàì àùîä áñéåò ìøöç àæøçéä

ôåâøåí òåìîé úùñ"à

ôøàééøéí îúéí, åòåã àéê

ôúøåï öåã÷

öä"ì 2000 – äëùì äîåñøé

÷øéàä ìáðé òøá

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áäîùê ìàîåø ìòéì áðåùà âéðæê äîãéðä, ìäìï...:-
äëììéí ìäëøä áîåøùéí ìòééï áúé÷éí..!!

äàéùééí ùäåëðå áîñâøú òáåãúä ùì åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú áòðééï "ôøùú äéòìîåúí ùì éìãéí îáéï òåìé úéîï áùðéí 1948 - 1954..."

ìëàåøä éù äçìèú îîùìä ìøàùåðä îéæä 54 ùðä, ìëàåøä äîéîñã ôåúç àú ùòøé âéðæê äîãéðä, àáì ùéîå ìá...:-

îãåáø òì åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú , ìàéæå äúëååðå, äøé äéå àøáò åòãåú ç÷éøä...

ùîúí ìá ìöéèåè..."ùäåëðå áîñâøú òáåãúä ùì åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú.."
ñåó öéèåè, îä æä äåëðå, îé äëéï, ìîä äáâ"õ ùã"ø îùä ðçåí { "ðùéà äôãøöéä äòåìîéú ìéäãåú úéîï, åçáø ä÷åðâøñ äéäåãé äòåìîé" } äâéù áðåùà ìôðé ùðä åçöé, ðîùê òì éãå áçæøä åãçä àú äâùúå....
http://www.tapuz.co.il/tapuzforum/main/Viewmsg.asp?id=303&msgid=4256918

@ ìäìï: ðàîå ùì ã"ø îùä ðçåí áëðñú éùøàì "áàåãåèøéåí"...:-

îáçï äúåöàä
ô"ù
@ òéúåï äàøõ îëçéù ùàáå îàæï îëçéù àú äùåàä @

71. àáå îàæï, ôøåôéì ôåìéèé : îàú îëåï îîø''é.....
https://rotter.net/cgi-bin/forum/dcboard.cgi?az=show_thread&om=5315&forum=gil&omm=71&viewmode=threaded

ëúá àéùåí ð' àãøéëìé àåñìå.

áç÷éøä îòåøá çðåê òöîåï, òáøééï îøàù äòéï äçùåã áú÷éôä åáàéåîéí òì äåèøéðø äòéøåðé, ìàçø ùæä äçìéè ìñâåø çååú ñåñéí.

òì ôé äîùèøä, øàù äòéøééä ðéñä áîäìê ñåó äùáåò ìùëðò àú äååèøéðø ìáèì àú úìåðúå. äååèøéðø àëï îùê àú äúìåðä, àê äîùèøä ãçúä àú á÷ùúå.

îòöøí ùì òöîåï åùì áòì äçååä éåøí úîéø äåàøê òã îçø, åàæ éåâù ðâãí ëúá àéùåí.

àãí ðåñó äîòåøá áôøùä åðëç áîùøãå ùì äååèøéðø, çáø äðäìú ÷áåöú äëãåøâì äôåòì ôúç ú÷ååä ãðé ìåé, ùåçøø ì-5 éîé îòöø áéú áìà ùäåáà áôðé ùåôè.
ìãáøéå, äåà "ìà øàä ùäùðééí ú÷ôå àú äååèøéðø àå àééîå òìéå".
http://images.maariv.co.il/channels/1/ART/501/461.html

îáçï äúåöàä
ô"ù
@ òéúåï äàøõ îëçéù ùàáå îàæï îëçéù àú äùåàä @

71. àáå îàæï, ôøåôéì ôåìéèé : îàú îëåï îîø''é.....
https://rotter.net/cgi-bin/forum/dcboard.cgi?az=show_thread&om=5315&forum=gil&omm=71&viewmode=threaded

áåâø áúé äñôø áìôåø åäâéîðñéä äòáøéú äøöìéä. áòì úåàø øàùåï áîãòé äçáøä, äàåðéáøñéèä äòáøéú áéøåùìéí. áòì úåàø ùðé áäéñèåøéä éäåãéú îåãøðéú, äàåðéáøñéèä äòáøéú áéøåùìéí. ðùåé áùðéú, ìã"ø ãðéàìä àøæé, ôñéëåìâéú. àá ìùìåù áðåú: ðåéä, ùéøä å÷øï.

òí ùçøåøå îöä"ì (1960), åáòåãå ñèåãðè ùðä à' áàåðéáøñéèä, äçì ìòáåã ëòéúåðàé áùáåòåï äòåìí äæä. àçø-ëê òáã áùáåòåï éòã åäéä ñâï òåøê äùáåòåï ìàùä. äåòñ÷ áîòîã ôøéìàðñø áòéúåï çéøåú. á-1964 äöèøó ìòéúåï äàøõ. áùðéí 1974-1969 ùéîù ñåôø îãéðé ùì äàøõ, åáùðéí 1977-1974 äéä ñåôø äòéúåï áàøä"á. çæø ìéùøàì ìîéùøú ñåôø äàøõ áëðñú åëôåáìéöéñè.

îéîéä äøàùåðéí (1982), îùîù îðçä äúåëðéú òøá çãù (äèìååéæéä äçéðåëéú). á-1991 òæá àú òéúåï äàøõ åîåðä ìúô÷éã òåøê òîåã äîàîøéí áîòøéá. îîøñ 1992 òã ñôèîáø 1992 ëéäï áúô÷éã òåøê îòøéá. áàå÷èåáø 2001 ôøù îòéúåï äàøõ, åòáø ìòéúåï îòøéá - ìëúéáú èåø ôåìéèé åîàîøéí.

áùðéí 1997-1993 äðçä àú äúåëðéú ôåôåìéèé÷ä áòøåõ 1 (òí äôñ÷ä ùì ùðä àçú). á-1996 äðçä àú äòéîåú áèìååéæéä - òøá äáçéøåú ìøàùåú äîîùìä - áéï çáøé äëðñú ùîòåï ôøñ åáðéîéï ðúðéäå. îàå÷èåáø 1997 äðçä úåëðéåú àéøåç áòøåõ 2. á-2000 äöèøó ìòøåõ 1 ëîøàééï áçãùåú äéåîï, åîðçä äúåëðéú ôåìéèé÷ä.

îøâìéú ðçùá ìàçã äîðçéí äèåáéí áéåúø áéùøàì, åìáòì éãò øá åðñéåï òéúåðàé òùéø áúçåîéí øáéí.

îøâìéú äúëáã áçùéôåú áìòãéåú øáåú ùàåúï ôøñí áòéúåï äàøõ: âéìä àú ãåç ùð"î - ùéøåúé ðîì îàåçãéí ùì ðîì çéôä (1966), ùçùó àé ñãøéí åîòùé ùçéúåú îöã ñåìì áåðä. äôøñåí âøø àú ñéìå÷ä ùì ñåìì áåðä îäðîì; ôøñí á-1966 îàîøéí ùäáéòå úîéää òì äéòìîí ùì éìãé úéîï, åúáò ç÷éøú äôøùä; áøàéåï ùðúï ìèìååéæéä á-1970, çùó àú ðëåðåúå ùì äùø îùä ãééï (àçøé îìçîú ääúùä) ìãìì àú ëåçåú öä"ì ìàåøê úòìú ñåàõ; á-1971 âéìä ù÷öéï äîáöòéí ùì äàö"ì, òîéçé ôàâìéï (îé ùäéä îñ' 2 áàö"ì åëåðä: "âéãé"), ðòöø ëçùåã áééöåà ðù÷ ì÷áåöåú ëäðéñèéåú (òí òìééú áâéï ìùìèåï, äôê ôàâìéï ìéåòöå);

çùó àú ôøùú äàçéí äîîæøéí (1972) - äúðâãåú äøáðåú ìäùéà çééì åâí çééìú ùðåìãå ìðéöåìé ùåàä, åæàú ìàçø ùäúáøø ëé áï æåâä äøàùåï ùì äàí ìà ðéñôä áùåàä. äùø îùä ãééï àééí áäúôèøåú îäîîùìä àí ìà éðéçå ìäí ìäéðùà; çùó á-1976 òéñ÷ú ðù÷ âãåìä áéï éùøàì ìàøä"á; á-1977 ôøñí àú äñ÷åô àåãåú çùáåï äáð÷ ùì îùôçú éöç÷ øáéï, âéìåé ùäáéà ìôøéùú øáéï îøàùåú äîîùìä; á-1981 çùó àú ääúçééáåú ùðúï îðçí áâéï, áëúá, ìáàùéø â'åîééì, åáå äáèçä ìîòåøáåú öáàéú áìáðåï - àí éåú÷ôå òì-éãé äñåøéí àå àçøéí; çùó àú òáéøú äëåôø ùì àéúîø øáéðåáéõ' òøá îéðåéå ìùâøéø áàøä"á (1992).
http://www.nfc.co.il/archive/006-D-280-00.html?tag=22-57-57&au=True

äöäøú áìôåø : ð÷åãú îôðä áäéñèåøéä ùì äúðåòä äöéåðéú
îçáø: äñåëðåú äéäåãéú
http://lib.cet.ac.il/Pages/item.asp?item=5467

îàä ùðéí ìúðåòä äöéåðéú áìåá åéåáì ìòìéä äâãåìä îìåá
http://www.knesset.gov.il/library/heb/docs/sif033.htm

úé÷åï òéååúé ääñèåøéä òì äòìéä äúéîðéú áçì÷í îãáøé
ãåã áï âåøéåï øåäî"ù ìùòáø äøàùåï ùì îãéðú éùøàì....!!

äñøè öåìí áîùê ùðúééí, áîäìëí äúçæä áîàé äñøè, ðéöï âìòãé ìéäåãé ãúé ëãé ùéåëì ìäñúåáá á÷øá ä÷äéìä äéäåãéú ùì çñéãé ñàèîø åìçùåó àú ñéôåøí ùì éäåãé úéîï ãøê ñéôåøä äàéùé ùì äîùôçä äúéîðéú, îùôçú â'øàøãé.

îùôçä æå äåáàä îúéîï ìàøä"á òì-éãé ðöéâé ÷äéìú ñàèîø, äîðäìéí îñò äëôùä áúéîï ëðâã äòìééä ìàøõ éùøàì. îùôçú â'øàøãé îâéòä ì÷äéìú ñàèîø àê áîäøä îâìä ëé áéï ääáèçåú ìôéäï éåëìå ì÷ééí àú àîåðúí áçåôùéåú ìáéï äîöéàåú áä äí ðãøùéí ìçéåú á÷øá ä÷äéìä, ÷ééí ôòø úäåîé åäøñðé, ôòø úøáåúé ùì ãôåñé îåñø åñâðåï çééí ùìà äëéøå.

äñøè ðôúç òí úîåðú îöéàåú ëåàáú ùì îùôçú â'øàøãé àùø áúí ðôèøä åäí ðàìöéí ìòáåø îñòåú çéôåù åòéðåé àçø âåôú áúí, ëãé ìäáéàä ì÷áåøä.

éöåéï, ëé äñøè æëä á"ôøñ ä÷äì" áôñèéáì äáéðìàåîé ìñøèé úòåãä ùì îøñéé, öøôú åäéä îåòîã ìôøñ äñøè äúéòåãé äèåá áéåúø, äàåñ÷ø äéùøàìé.
http://www.nfc.co.il/archive/001-D-42595-00.html?tag=19-24-23

yoske
çáø îúàøéê 25.11.03
3069 äåãòåú 03:00 21.06.04

ãéåðéí áëðñú ìäòìàú éäåãé úéîï åçéìåöí îäñàèîøéí



ãéåðéí áëðñú ìäòìàú éäåãé úéîï åçéìåöí îäñàèîøéí åðèåøé ÷øúà

ãéåï øàùåï áëðñú áðåùà æä; ç"ë àäåã øöàáé ôåòì ìäòìàú 300 éäåãéí îúéîï åòåã ë-140 éäåãéí îàøä"á åáøéèðéä - àìå îåçæ÷éí òì-éãé äñàîèøéí åðèåøé ÷øúà; ðöéâ äñåëðåú äéäåãéú: ùùìçðå ðöéâä ìàøä"á ìáøø äðåùà äéà çæøä îåëä åçáåìä
òåãëï: 00:18 21/06/2004 | øðéú ðçåí-äìåé | [email protected]

ç"ë àäåã øöàáé (ùéðåé) ôåòì ëãé ìäòìåú àú éäåãé úéîï îàøä"á, ìåðãåï åúéîï. îãåáø á-300 éäåãéí äéåùáéí áúéîï, 60 éäåãéí äùåäéí áàøä"á åòåã 80 éäåãéí áìåðãåï, òìéäí ðàñø ìäâéò ìéùøàì - àí îèòîé áéèçåï (úéîï) åàí îèòîéí àçøéí.

äéåæîä òåìä áùì ôøñåí áëìé ú÷ùåøú áúçéìú äçåãù, áå ãååç òì î÷øä ðåñó ùì éäåãé úéîï (îùôçú ðäøé) àùø äâéòä ìàøä"á àê ðáöø îáðé äîùôçä ìòìåú ìéùøàì. äîùôçä äîåðä ë-60 ðôùåú äåçæ÷ä òì-éãé éäåãé ñàèîø. áò÷áåú äúòøáåú äñåëðåú äéäåãéú çåìöå îçöéú îáðé äîùôçä .

úåôòú çèéôú éìãé éäåãé úéîï ùáä åòåìä âí áùðéí äàçøåðåú òì-éãé éäåãé ñàèîø (àøä"á) åðèåøé ÷øúà (ìåðãåï). àìå éåøãéí ìúéîï åîùëðòéí àú äéäåãéí ìäâéò ìàøä"á. ëàùø äéäåãéí îá÷ùéí ìòìåú ìéùøàì, îðñéí àìå ìùëðòí ùæå ìà äãøê: áéùøàì ðäøâéí çééìéí, äãú ìà ðùîøú åòåã îéðé àîúìåú. òì àó æàú, éù ìöééï, ëé æå äôòí äøàùåðä ùäëðñú ãðä áðåùà æä.

ëê òåìä îòãåéåú ùì éäåãé úéîï ùäöìéçå ìäâéò àøöä åäùúúôå áãéåðé äååòãä. áéï äéúø, ðùîòå òãåéåú òì éìãéí ùðçèôå, ðòìîå åàó ðôèøå, ëàùø ò÷áåúéäí ìà ðîöàå åî÷åí ÷áåøúí ìà ðåãò ìîùôçä. éù ìöééï, ëé éäåãé ñàèîø îòøáéí áôòåìúí òåáãéí ñåöéàìéí åîùëðòéí àåúí ùääåøéí àéðí øàåééí ìâãì àú éìãéäí.

ëê âí ÷øä ìîùôçú â'øàãé, ùàá åàí äîùôçä äùúúôå áãéåï. æåâ ääåøéí äâéò ìãéåï òí éìãí áï ä-3 ùðåìã áàøõ, àåìí òåã ùéùä îéìãéäí ùåäéí áàøä"á, áðéâåã ìøöåðí. áðé äîùôçä ñéôøå ùëàùø äâéòå ìàøä"á ðì÷çå îäí äãøëåðéí. áò÷áåú ùîåòä ùäåôöä ëé ääåøéí àéðí øàåééí ìâãì àú äéìãéí, äâéòå òåáãéí ñåöéàìéí åì÷çå îäí àú äéìãéí.

òì-ôé òãåéåú òåìä òåã, ëé ÷äéìú éäãåú ñàèîø, äîçæé÷ä àú òåìé úéîï, îùúîùú áäí ëãé ìâééñ ìèåáúä úøåîåú. äí òåùéí æàú òì-éãé äçúîú äòåìéí äçãùéí òì îñîê ùìéãéäí àîåøéí ìäâéò áéï 2,000-4,000 ãåìøéí - àåìí ëì äñëåîéí äììå îåæøîéí ìñàèîøéí áìáã.

ç"ë øöàáé îñáéø: "äí ìà ôåòìéí áëôééä, ìà ëåìàéí àåúí àìà ôùåè ìå÷çéí àú äôñôåøèéí. áäîùê, äñàèîøéí äáéàå òåáãéí ñåöéàìéí åäôéöå ùîåòåú ùääåøéí ìà éëåìéí ìâãì äéìãéí åàæ ì÷çå àåúí îäí. ääåøéí òåùéí øåùí îöåéï, ìà ðøàä îùäå ìà áñãø". îùéçä ù÷ééí òí ðöéâ îäñåëðåú äéäåãéú, ðéúï ìäáéà àú áðé äîùôçä ìàøõ, æä ø÷ òðééï ùì ëñó.

øöáàé ùåçç òì-ëê òí ùø äàåöø, áðéîéï ðúðéäå, áá÷ùä ìäòðé÷ ìòåìé úéîï îòð÷ ÷ìéèä áñê ùì 300 àìó ù"ç. ðöééï, ëé îòð÷ æä áåèì áàéùåø äú÷öéá äàçøåï, àåìí òãééï îåòð÷ ìòåìé àúéåôéä. ëîå ëï, éåæí ç"ë øöàáé àåôöéä ùîùøã äàåöø é÷öä ñëåí ùì 15 îéìéåï ù"ç ìùðä ìöåøê òìééú éäåãé úéîï îúéîï, àøä"á åáøéèðéä.

á÷øåá éôðä øöàáé âí ìéå"ø äñëåðåú äéäåãéú, ñìé îøéãåø, ùéðñä ìâééñ âí-ëï ëñôéí ìäòìàú éäåãé úéîï åçéìåöí îàøä"á. ìãòú øöàáé, ðéúï ìâééñ ëñôéí áàîöòåú ôðééä ìâåôéí éäåãéí áàøä"á. áä÷ùø æä ðöééï, ëé éåñé ùøâà, øàù äñåëðåú äéäåãéú áàøä"á, òãëï áãéåï áååòãú äòìééä åä÷ìéèä áëðñú ëé äåà îôçã ìùìåç ùìéçéí ìðèåøé ÷øèà, ìàçø ùùìçå ìùí ðöéâä áòáø åæå çæøä çáåìä åîåëä.

ç"ë øöàáé: "àðé ìà øåàä äáãì áéï àúéåôéí åúéîðéí, ìà îãåáø áòåìéí çãùéí îöøôú. áîåðçéí ùì îãéðä æä æä ëñó ÷èï åáîåðçéí ùì îãéðä éäåãéú, æäå ëñó éåúø ÷èï. 15 îéìéåï ù"ç æä ëñó ÷èï ëé îãåáø òì ôøéñä ùì äñëåí áëîä ùðéí... ëì äðåùà äæä äúòåøø àöìé ëùøàéúé àú äëúáä áèìååéæéä. øåàéí éìãä úéîðéú îãáøú àðâìéú ùåèó. îä ù÷åøä ëàï æä ùéäåãéí ôåòìéí ðâã éäåãéí. äí îùúîùéí áëñó ùìäí ëãé ìîðåò îéäåãéí ìòìåú ìéùøàì. àðé ìà éúï ìæä ìðåç".

îçì÷ä øàùåðä
http://www.nfc.co.il/archive/001-D-48528-00.html?tag=0-04-47

îùôçåú äðòãøéí: äâéò äæîï ìäôñé÷ ìùúå÷. ìàó àçã ìà àëôú îé÷éøéðå.

ðöéâé äîåñã áéèìå äéåí àú äùúúôåúí áãéåï áååòãú ä÷ìéèä ùì äëðñú äáå÷ø, áðåùà 11 éäåãéí îàéøàï ùðòìîå áãøëí ìéùøàì áùðåú ä-90'.
áëéøéí áîåñã èéìôðå àúîåì ìéå''ø äëðñú, øåáé øéáìéï, åäåãéòå ìå òì áéèåì äùúúôåúí áéùéáä áâìì ääúòðééðåú äú÷ùåøúéú áðåùà. äí àó ãøùå ùäðåùà ééãåï áåòãú îùðä çùàéú ùì åòãú äçåõ åäáèçåï.

éå''ø åòãú ä÷ìéèä, ç''ë ÷åìè àáéèì, àîøä ì''îòøéá'' ùáëååðúä ì÷ééí àú äãéåï âí áìé àðùé äîåñã, åìùîåò ãéååçéí òì äôøùä îôé âåøîéí ùåðéí ùèéôìå áä áîùê äùðéí.

áéï àìå ùéåôéòå áãéåï ðîðä éäåãä ëñéó, ùòåîã áøàù åòã ôòåìä öéáåøé ìîòï 11 äéäåãéí ùðòìîå.

äéäåãéí ðòìîå ìàçø ùòîãå ìòáåø áâðéáä àú äâáåì îàéøàï ìîãéðä ùëðä, åîùí ìäîùéê ìéùøàì. îàæ ðåú÷ òîí ä÷ùø åìà éãåò ãáø òì âåøìí.

áðé ÷øîðé, úåùá áú éí ùùðééí îàçéå äéå á÷áåöä ùðòìîä, äáéò æòí øá òì çåñø äàåðéí ùì äâåøîéí äîîìëúééí áèéôåì áôøùä. ''ëì äùðéí àåîøéí ìðå ìùúå÷ åìà ìãáø òì äòðééï'', àîø, ''àáì äâéò äæîï ìäôñé÷ ìùúå÷. ìàó àçã ìà àëôú îé÷éøéðå''.

áðé äîùôçåú úåáòéí ìäòìåú àú ðåùà âåøì é÷éøéäí áîñâøú äîâòéí äáéðìàåîééí ùîúðäìéí ñáéá òñ÷ú äùáåééí. ç''ë àáéèì úåîëú áúáéòä äæå: ''éù ìôòåì áòøåõ äâøîðé åáòøåöéí ðåñôéí òì îðú ìðñåú ì÷ãí àú äôøùä äëàåáä'', àîøä.
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áçñåú äà÷ãîéä ðòìîå æëåéåú äòìééä ùì éäåãé úéîï ìàøõ, ùîñúëîåú ?- 1100 ùðä. áçñåú äîîñã, ðòìîå éìãé úéîï. ðùéí ðùåàåú. øëåù. ãáøé ø÷îä. ëúáé éã òúé÷éí, åñôøéí ù÷ùä ìàîåã àú îçéøí. ååòãåú äç÷éøä ìà äùëéìå ìç÷åø àú äðåùà äëàåá. ìäìï îîöàé äååòãåú: áùðú 66 äå÷îä åòãú áãé÷ä áùí "áäìåì îéð÷åáñ÷é". îîöàéä: 342 éìãéí ðòìîå. 4 àåîöå. (2 îúåê ?4-, îöàå àú áðé îùôçúí.) 22 ðòãøéí. 316 îúå, ?"? úòåãåú ôèéøä åñéáú îçìä ôé÷èéáééí, åð÷áøå á÷áøéí. ùðîöàå øé÷éí. äøòù âáø. åáùðú 88, äå÷îä ååòãú áéøåø áøàùåú äùåôè ùìâé, ?"? øä"? ùîéø. òöúå ùì çä"? öçé äðâáé äéúä, àí úå÷í åòãú ç÷éøä, äéà úáéà ÷åìåú ììéëåã.( ëúáä òì ëê, áòéúåï äàøõ îùðú 88 ùì øåáé÷ øåæðèì.) öçé åùîéø äçìéèå, ùáåòãä éùá ðöéâ úéîðé. ëãé ùäúéîðéí éàîéðå, ùäôòí æä øöéðé. éâàì éåñó çáø îøëæ ìéëåã åøàù òéø øä"?, ðáçø ëðöéâ. áëúá äîéðåé. ð÷áò, ùäåòãä úùá 3 ôòîéí áùáåò, ìãåï áë- 700 úé÷éí. ëöòã øàùåï äöäéøå, ùîöàå ÷áø, ùáå ÷áåøéí á÷áø àçéí, ?-200 éìãéí. àú æàú ùîòúé áçãùåú 5 ááå÷ø. äåãòúé ìú÷ùåøú åìîùèøä, ùâìéúé úøîéú. äúáøø ùääåøéí åäîùôçåú, ùùîòå àú äçãùåú òøá ìôðé ëï, äùëéîå ááå÷ø åçôøå àú ä÷áø ùäéä îñåîï 4 òì 4 ?"? îåëï ìéöé÷ä, ìéã ùòø áéú äòìîéï áëôø éåðä. ùù ùðéí îùëå àú äç÷éøä äîèùèùú. îîöàéä: ëì ?-700 ðôèøå. ãáø âãåì òùä éâàì éåñó, ùñéøá ìçúåí òì îîöàéä. àùîúå: ùìà ä÷éí öò÷ä, àçøé äùðä äøàùåðä, äùðéä åäùìéùéú. áååéëåç áï äùåôè ùìâé ìáéðé áëðñú ìéã àìéòæø îñåøé, á÷ùúé îùìâé, ùéñééí àú òáåãúå. îùñéøá, òúøúé ðâãå, ðâã äîîùìä, åðâã øä"? ?, øáéï ?"? ìáâ"?, ?- 94 .6 .7 ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú. á÷ùúé äéúä, ùäåòãä úãåï áäéòìîåú äéìãéí. äøëåù, åäðùéí äðùåàåú. äöìçúé ?"? áàä, äåãåú ìùðé äòå"? øîé ãîàøé, åòå"? îðçí æøñ÷é. áé÷ùúé ùáåòãä úùá àéùéåú úéîðéú áëéøä. äá÷ùä äú÷áìä. áøàùåú äåòãä äéå áúçéìä, äùåôè äòìéåï áãéîåñ éäåãä ëäï. äùåôèú äîåçåæéú áãéîåñ ãìéä ÷åáì. åäàìåó îéì' ãåã îéîåï. ì÷øàú äñåó, äùåôè ÷ãîé, ?' áéî"? òìéåï, äçìéó àú äùåôè ?. ëäï. äééúé áèåç ùäôòí úöà äàîú ìàåø. ìöòøé äøá, ëúá äîðåé ðéúï îùðú 48 òã 54. åìà òã ùðú 62. äåòãä ìà ãðä áðùéí ðòìîåú. áøëåù ùðùãã. áñôøé ä÷åãù, åáëúáé äéã äòúé÷éí. îîöàé äåòãä äéå. 1033 éìãéí ðòìîå, àå îúå. 54 ðòìîéí. 277 ìà éåãòéí îä òìä áâåøìí.
?- 700 îúå òí úòåãåú ôèéøä å÷áåøä ôé÷èéáéåú, áâéáåé äù÷øéí ùì ôøåôñåø ?. äéñ. äìé÷åééí: äúòåãåú çñøåú çúéîú øåôà. ñéáú îçìä. ùîåú áúé çåìéí. äàìåó îéîåï çúí òì ëì äîîöàéí ìöòøéðå. æòí áðé äîùôçåú âáø. ñéëåîé äåòãä âøîå áéæéåï ìàéðèéìâðöéä äàðåùéú. áðé äòãä ùîöèééðéí áòãéðåú åáàöéìåú ðôù, äâéáå á÷ììåú åáîëúáéí ÷ùéí. ùðé îëúáéí îåöâéí áñôøé "áéï ùúé úøáåéåú", áôø÷ äôùò åäúøîéú. øáéí äú÷ùøå å÷ììå àú äåòãä. äìé÷åééí: øöç ùáåöò áòéï ùîø áé' ñàìí ?'øôé ?- 3 éøéåú, ìà ðç÷ø. ðéñåééí øôåàééí áðùéí ðùåàåú åäéòìîåúï, ìà ðç÷øå. ìîòè àéùä àçú, ùð÷áøä ?"? äáï åäáòì, çñøú òéðééí, åçì÷éí ôðéîééí. äùðééä ðåúçä åðòìîä. ìàåø ëì äúøîéú åääúçî÷åéåú ùì àðùé äîîñã, äåçìè áéï äéå"? çä"? öáé äðãì, åáéï ?"? îùä ðçåí ðöéâ äòãä åäîùôçåú, ùäéå"? éâéù äöòú çå÷ áðåùà äð"?. åéá÷ù åòãä çãùä ùúëìåì ðöéâéí îäôãøöéä åîàéøâåðéí ùåðéí, ùéúå÷öáå ?"? äîîñã. ëîå ëï éàñôå áãé÷åú âðèéåú îáðé äîùôçåú. áòöøú ù÷ééîðå ìîùôçåú ááðééï äëðñú, ?- 12.2.02, åäåçìè òì äöòãéí äð"? äúëðñåú áðé äòãåú áàåãéèåøéåí áëðñú, éöøä àåéøä çéåáéú ìäîùê úîéëä áôøùä. ááøëä ?"? îùä ðçåí.ôì' 550036 050 735259 050
"öã÷ öã÷ úøãåó ìîòï úçééä åéøùú àú äàøõ. (ñô' ãáøéí ?' ùåôèéí èå' - 2)

ääéñèåøéä åäúåøä îìîãåú àåúðå ùìôðé ?- 3315 ùðä éöàðå îîöøéí îòáãåú ìçéøåú. äìëðå áîñò øâìé ÷ùä, ?- 40 ùðä áîãáøéåú òã äâéòðå ìúçåîä ùì äàøõ äîåáèçú. ÷éáìðå úåøä çå÷ä åîùôè, áîòîã äø ñéðé. ìîøåú ëì ääáèçåú îä÷á"? ìèåá, ðàìöðå ìòáåø éñåøéí ÷ùéí òì äúðäâåúéðå. ðìçîðå, ëáùðå, äúðçìðå. çèàðå, ôùòðå, äåùôìðå, âåøùðå, åàéáãðå ÷åøáðåú øáéí: ëùçæøðå ìòöîéðå, äöìçðå ìáðåú 2 áúé î÷ãù åùëððå ìáèç ú÷åôåú ùì òùøåú ùðéí. áòååðåúéðå, ðçøáå áúé î÷ãùéðå. äåâìéðå îäàøõ, ìëì äúôåöåú. áéðéäí, ìàéæåø àùåø ò÷á ùðàú çéðí. ëëúåá áãáøé äéîéí ?'. åéáéàí ìçìç åçáåø åðäø âåæï. îúáøø, ùàùåø æàú àôâéñèï. äàôâðéí îåðéí ?- 17 îéìéåï ðôù. äí çééí ëéåí ëîåñìîéí àãå÷éí îàã. àê îîùéëéí ìùîåø àú äîñåøú äéäåãéú ?-4 éñåãåú äãú. åäï: îéìä, ðéãä, çìä, åùáú. àú éåí äùáú î÷ãùéí áçìú ìçí åáééï. ëîå ëï, ÷åøàéí áñôø úäéìéí ùåîøéí òì äîæåæåú åòåã. ãáø äàñåø áàéñåø âîåø áãú äàéñìàí. ëùâéìéúé àåúí áùðú 79 ááé÷åøé áàåúå àéæåø, äåãòúé áæîðå îéã ìøàùé äñåëðåú äéäåãéú, ìøáðåú äøàùéú, åì÷åðâøñ äéäåãé äòåìîé. ÷ååéúé, ùéôòìå áðãåï åð÷øá àåúí çæøä ìéäãåú. çåõ îòéúåï äçøãé áîçðä ùôéøñí àú äîãò äîåôéò áñôøé "áï ùúé úøáåéåú", ìà æëúä äúâìéú ùìé ìéçñ îéåçã. îñôø øáðéí áéðäí äøá àáéçééì, ä÷ãéùå ìðåùà æä ìáñåó, úùåîú ìá. äàôâðéí èòðå ùùåáí ìàøõ äàáåú, èòåðä á÷øéàúå ùì ùéìä. ùðàîø: "òã ëé éáåà ùéìä, åìå é÷äú òîéí." èòúä äîãéðä åäàåîä äéäåãéú èòåú âãåìä åçîåøä îàã, ùìà ÷éøáå àåúí çæøä ìãúéðå. ëé áæàú äééðå æåëéí ìäëôìú îñôø äéäåãéí áòåìí. åëåçéðå äéä îåëôì. áùéçåúéé òí äôúàðéí åäôùåàøéí, äúáøø ìé ëé äéå ìäí ÷ùøéí âãåìéí åçæ÷éí òí éäåãé úéîï åîøå÷å áîùê îàåú ùðéí. ìàçø ùéçåú ùðéäìúé òí çå÷øéí, éù ìé éñåã ìäàîéï ùéäåãé îøå÷å ðøàéí áéåôééí, áöáò òåøí åöáò òéðéäí, ãåîéí îàã ìéäåãé àôâéñèï, ùäåâìå áú÷åôú áéú øàùåï ?"? àøáòä îìëéí.
(2000) ùðä çéëä äòí äéäåãé ìàçø âìåú áéú ùðé áëîéää áëì úôåöåú äòåìí, ìùåáå ìàøõ äàáåú. áôøè ìàåø îä ùòáø òì äòí äéäåãé áàéøåôä, áï äùðéí 36 ?- 45. áùðéí àìå ðéñä äòí äâøîðé òí ùàø òîéí âæòðééí àçøéí, ìäëçéã àú ëì äòí äéäåãé îòì ôðé äàãîä. âáøéí, ðùéí åèó. æàú äéúä äîëä äâãåìä åäàøåøä îëåìï. ìàåø äèøâãéä ùô÷ãä àåúðå, øáéí îäòí àéáãå àú àîåðúí áàìåäé éùøàì. åäçìå ìäàîéï ø÷ áòöîí. ÷ååéðå ùðáåàú éçæ÷àì äðáéà ùðùîòä îáèéçä ìùåáéðå ìàøöðå áä äåà àåîø: "ìëï. ëä àîø ?'. åàñôúé àúëí îëì äàøöåú, àùø ðôåöåúí ùîä. åäáàúé àúëí, àì àãîú éùøàì. åäñéøåúé àú ìá áùø äàáï îáùøëí. åðúúé ìëí ìá çãù. åøåç çãùä àúï á÷øáëí:" äú÷ååä äééúä ùòìééä æå ìàçø äùåàä, úáéà àéúä áøëä åàçååä ùìåí åøòåú, áéï áðé ëì äòãåú. çì÷ âãåì îäúéîðéí øàå áòìééä æå, ùòú ëåùø ìáðåú áôòí äùìéùéú, àú àøõ äàáåú. ìîøåú ùéäåãé úéîï ìà ôñ÷å àú òìééúí ìàøõ. øöåé îàã ìãòú òì îäåúä åî÷åøä ùì äòãä äúéîðéú, åäééçåã ùáäí: ìàçø ëðéñú äòí ìàøõ éùøàì åäúééùáåúä, äçìéèå îñôø ÷áåöåú ÷èðåú ?- 4 ùáèéí. éäåãä, øàåáï, ùîòåï åìåé. ?- 100 ùðä ìàçø ëðéñúí ìàøõ, äí éöàå ìçôù àú àøõ ä÷éðé, ùáìòí äøùò àîø òìéä áøëä áî÷åí ÷ììä. ( ?' áì÷ ?' áîãáø ) "åéøà àú ä÷éðé åéùà îùìå åéàîø. àéúï îåùáê åùéí áñìò ÷éðê: îä èåáå àåäìéê éò÷á îùëðåúéê éùøàì: " äí ð÷áöå îàéæåøéí ùåðéí îúåê äàøõ, åéøãå ãøê åàãé îåñà ùáãøåí éøãï ìàåøê äçåó äîòøáé ùì éí ñåó. äúéîðéí ð÷øàéí òì ùí àøõ úéîï. àáøäí àáéðå ùçé áú÷åôä äàëãéú, ú÷åôú äîìê çîåøáé 4025, ùðä, ð÷øàä úéîï àøõ ä÷éðé. (?' áì÷ ñôø ãáøéí) ëê àåîøú ñáøä àçú. ñáøä ùðééä àåîøú, äúéîðéí ùäúééùáå áúéîï, äéå îú÷åôú äôéöåì áï îìëåú éäåãä åéùøàì. îäîîöàéí åäîç÷øéí ùäúâìå ìðå, 2 äñáøåú îú÷áìåú òì äãòú. ááé÷åø òæøà äñåôø ìôðé ?- 2530 ùðä áúéîï, âéìä ùçì÷ îùáè áðé ìåé ùìà ðéñôå òí òãú ÷åøç, çééí áúéîï. åòì ëê àåîø äôñå÷. "åáðé ÷åøç ìà îúå." éãéòåú ðåñôåú îúáøøåú ìðå, îäðáéàéí äáàéí: éùòéä äðáéà ùçé áùðú- 738 ?- 260 ùðä äøàùåðåú, ì÷åí áéú î÷ãù øàùåï.ìôé øéëåæ úàøéëéí äéñèåøééí ùì ùìåí áï ìåé çå÷ø áîãòé äéäãåú. äåà èåòï ùéùòéä äðáéà îòøéõ åîùúáç áéäãåú úéîï åàðé ùåúó ìãòúå. äåà àåîø: "åäàì àìåäéí áùåôø éú÷ò, åäìê áñòøåú úéîï". áðáåàä ùðééä äåà àåîø. "àåîø ìöôåï úðé. åìúéîï àì úëìàé. äáéàé áðééê îøçå÷, åáðåúééê îàøõ úéîï." éøîéä äðáéà æåòí òì éäåãé úéîï, ùàéðí ùáéí ìàøõ. åäåà âåòø áäí áùîå ùì ä÷á"?. "ìîä æä ìé ìáåðä îùáà åîðçåú îàøõ úéîï, äáéàé áðééê îøçå÷ åáðåúééê î÷öä äàøõ." îùîò ùäéúä ëáø äúééùáåú øöéðéú áîñôø ìà îáåèì áúéîï. äðáéà àåîø: "àìåä îúéîï éáåà." çùéáåú øáä äéúä ìúéîï áëì äú÷åôåú. áúçéìä, äéäåãéí äúééùáå áúéðòí åáàåæì. àåæì, ð÷øàú ëéåí öðòä. áúéðòí, äå÷í îùëï, úòúé÷ ìîùëï äòãåú, ùáðä îùä øáðå áîãáø ñéðé. ááé÷åø ðöéâé éäãåú úéîï òí îìëú ùáà áàøõ, ùëðòå äúéîðéí àú ùìîä äîìê, ìàôùø ìäí ìä÷øéá îùîøåú ëäåðä áúéîï, ëçì÷ ?- 24 îùîøåú äëäåðä ùäéå î÷øéáéí, ááéú äî÷ãù áéøåùìéí. áäñëîú äîìê ðçøèå òì ùðé òîåãéí éëéï åáåòæ áîîãéí ÷èðéí éåúø, 11 îùîøåú ëäåðä úòúé÷ ìòîåãé äòð÷ éëéï åáåòæ, ùäéå îåöáéí áçæéúå ùì áéú äî÷ãù äøàùåï áéøåùìéí. úîåðåú îäçøéèåú òì äòîåãéí îäòéø úéðòí, ðîöàåú áîëåï ùìåí ìùéáèé éùåøåï áéøåùìéí. úéðòí ðîöàú, ?- 12 ÷"î öôåðéú ìòéø öðòä, áöã ?îòøáé ùì úéîï. îìëú ùáà ùáæîï áé÷åøä áéøåùìéí, äúòáøä îùìîä äîìê, ñéëîä àéúå. ùäéà áåðä òéø áîæøç úéîï, áàîöò äãøê áéï éøåùìéí ìàéúéåôéä, áú÷ååä ùäåà éá÷ø áîîìëúä. äéà ÷øàä ìòéø îàøéá. (ëìåîø îøëæ). òì ÷éøåú îáöøä åî÷ãùä ðçøèå ùîä, åùí áðä îùìîä äîìê. äéà ð÷øàä îà÷àãä. åùí äéìã, îàìàðé÷ àéôåñ, ëáøä ðàâñè. äòéø îàøéá ðîöàú, ë- 36 ÷"î öôåðéú ìòéø øàãò äéùðä. åë- 28 ?"? ãøåîéú ìòéø àìçæàí, ãøåîä îååàãé àì âàåó. ú÷åôú ùéìèåðä äùéáàéú, ùì îìëú ùáà áúéîï, îúáøøú ìðå îúåê äçøéèåú ä÷áåòåú òì ÷éøåú î÷ãùä åáéú äîìåëä, áöã äîæøçé ùì úéîï åáîáöø äîìåëä áâåðãø ùáàúéåôééä. ìàçø ùëáù äàéñìàí àú úéîï äéäåãéú îéãé äîìê éåñó ãå ðåàñ, àçøåï äîìëéí ìáéú éäåãä. áùðú 620 ìñôéøä ìàçø äëéáåù äàéñìàí, ðáðä îñâã îòì äî÷ãù áúéðòí. áãéå÷ ëôé ùòùå îàåçø éåúø äîåñìîéí äëåáùéí, ááðééú îâãì àì à÷öà áéøåùìéí îòì áéú äî÷ãù. éäãåú úéîï äéúä äøàùåðä ùáðéä òìå áòìéåú ÷èðåú, ìàøõ. òìéåú àìå äéå òìéåú ìùéîåø ä÷ùø òí àøõ äàáåú. ëãåâîú äúééùáåú äîúðçìéí áéîéí àìå éùîøí ?', ùùåîøéí àú âáåìåú àøöéðå åæëåéåúéðå òì äàøõ. òìéåú àìå àéðï ðæëøåú áñôøé ääéñèåøéä, àå áñôøé äà÷ãîéä äéùøàìéú.
äúâìéåú äøàùåðåú îäòìéåú ùì äúéîðéí ìàøõ, äúáøøå ìðå îàéâøåúéå ùì äøîá"í, ùäâéò ìàøõ éùøàì áùðú úú÷ë"ä. ( 1165). äøîá"? äú÷áì ááøëä òì éãé äúðà äúéîðé, øáðå éôú á"ø àìéäå, ùäúâåøø áòëå. äøîá"í ùää áàøõ ëçîéùä çåãùéí òí àáéå åàçéå ãåã. äí äú÷áìå ò"é éäåãé úéîï áéøåùìéí, áöôú åáèáøéä. ë- 750 úéîðéí äéå áàåúä ú÷åôä áàøõ. ìàçø îëï éøã äøîá"? ìîöøéí, ìòéø ðåà àîåï, ùëéåí ð÷øàú àìëñðãøéä. äåà äú÷áì ùí òì éãé 2 äúðàéí äúéîðéí äãâåìéí. ?' ãåã äòãðé ëåúá äîãøù äâãåì, åø' éçéà àéáï îåñà òéîøï, ùàöìå ìîã ?-5 ùðéí àú ñåãåú úåøú äøôåàä åä÷áìä.( òééï áëúáé øáðå éåñó ÷àôç æ"ì. áîåæéàåï éäåãä ìåé ðçåí, áøçåá çåîä åîâãì áçåìåï. áîëåï ùìåí ìùáèé éùåøåï áéøåùìéí, áðçìú öãå÷ 17. ùééñã äøá ùìåí ?"? ñòãéä âîìéàì ?"?. áâéðæä ä÷äéøéú, åáîåæéàåðé äéäãåú áñôøã.) ëùðùàì äøîá"? ?"? éäåãé úéîï, îä éòùä äàãí àí çøá äàéñìàí îåðçú òì öååàøå? äúùåáä äééúä: éòùä äàãí òöîå ëàéìå äúàñìàí àå äúðöø. òì àåúä úùåáä åôñé÷ä ùèòï áä. "àùø éòùä àåúí, äàãí åçé áäí. åìà éîåú áäí." çåáä òì äàãí ìùîåø àú ðôùå. ùðàîø: "åðùîøúí îàã ìðôùåúéëí. àå äéùîø ìê åùîåø ðôùê îàã." àú äîãøù äâãåì ùì ?' ãåã äòãðé ðàìöå ìëúåá òìéå àú ùí áðå ùì äøîá"? àáøäí, ëðâéã. (ëàéìå äåà îçáø äîãøù äâãåì.) äøîá"? äôê ðøãó, åçì÷ îñôøéå ðùøôå ?- 1175, ëãé ìäöéì àú çéé áðå àáøäí, ðëúá ùîå òì ëøéëú äîãøù. ?- 1978 äúâìä ?"? çå÷øéí, ùëåúá äîãøù äéä ìà àçø îøáðå ãåã äòãðé. îàîø øàùåï äåôéò áòéúåï àôé÷éí ùì äòåøê éåñó ãçåç äìåé.
áñôøå ùì ãåã áï âåøéåï ?"? áèøí îãéðä òîåã 143 îúååãä á"â ?"? òì äòååì äâãåì, ùðòùä äéñèåøéú, òì òìééúä åúøåîúä äâãåìä áééùåáä ùì àøõ éùøàì. áñôøå îñåôø òì äòìéåú äùåðåú. áîéåçã äåà îöééï, àú òìééúå ùì øáðå òåáãéä îáøèðåøà, ùòìä ìàøõ áùðú øî"? 1484 åäúééùá áöôú. øáðå òåáãéä ëúá îëúáéí áùðú øî"?, 1489, ìëì ÷äéìåú éùøàì äéåùáåú áâåìä, åîñôø áîëúáéå áäúôòìåú øáä, òì äîùê æøéîú äòìééä îúéîï, òì ùéîçú äçééí ùáäí, åòì âàåðéåú äòãä äðàåøä. äåà äéä ðøâù éåúø, îæàú ùéäåãéí úéîðéí ðçúå áàøõ ?- 310 ðôùåú áðîì éôå áùðú øî"?. äúéîðéí äôëå àú àåúä ùðä îøî"?, ìæîø. äåà èòï ùñéåîä ùì äîùðä, òì 310 òåìîåú ùîéåòãåú ìöãé÷éí. ìãáøé "øáé éäåùåò ?"? ìåé, ùëúá áñéåîä ùì äîùðä. "òúéã ä÷á"? ìäðçéì ìëì öãé÷ åöãé÷ 310 òåìîåú ùðàîø ìäðçéì ìàåäáé ?"?, åàåöøåúéäí àîìà, ðåôìéí ø÷ áçì÷ä ùì äòãä äúéîðéú, ùä÷øéáå òöîí áééùåáä ùì àøõ éùøàì. ëîå ëï, éåôééä ùì áðé äòãä ðéëøú áâàåðéåúä åáá÷éàåúä áúåøú éùøàì. áúð"?, áúìîåã, áîùðä, åá- 70 èøôéåú ùì äëùøåú åäùçéèä äùâåøéí áôéäí áòì ôä, òåîãéí ø÷ ìæëåúí ùì äúéîðéí. ëîå ëï, äåà îöééï àú á÷éàåú éìãéäí. áúåøä, áúøâåí àåð÷ìåñ, åúøâåí äúôñéø, äùâåøéí áôéäí îâãåìéí åòã ÷èðéí.
òìééú ?' éçéà áï ?' ñòãéä àìö'àäøé æö"? äîùåøø äâãåì áùðú ùë"? 1568 ùëúá àú ñôø äîåñø, åäéä àçã îâãåìé îùåøøé úéîï áú÷åôúå. àú ùéøúå ëúá áãøê îìéöéú çøåæä, ëãøê ùéøúå ùì øáðå éäåãä àìçøéæé. øáðå éçéà ùää áàøõ éùøàì ëùðä, åùá ìúéîï ìòåãã òìéä. äåà ñéôø áúéîï ùôâù áéäåãéí îæøçééí åúéîðéí áéùøàì, ùîñôøí ìîòìä ?- 14,000 ðôùåú ùçééí áòëå, áöôú, áéøåùìéí åáèáøéä. ìéäåãé úéîï äéå 18 éùéáåú úåøðéåú, äîçðëåú ìúåøä åòáåãä. æîï ÷öø ìàçø ùåáå ìúéîï, ðúôñ òì éãé àðùé äùìèåï åðçùã ëîòåãã òìééä ìöéåï. òáø ééñåøéí åäùôìåú, åöééï àú äúðäâåú äîåñìîéí øòé äìá, àùø áæå ìúåøúå, äùôéìå àú ãúå, åäåöéàå àú äéäåãéí ìâéøåù îàåæò ìàéæåø äúäîä, ùâøîä ìîåú çöééä îäòãä äúéîðéú. ìáñåó øöçå àåúå áàëæøéåú. ìàçø ùúìùå àú ôéàåúéå. òì éñåøéå äåà ëúá. " äâåé äúì áãúé. áæä ìúåøúé, åúìù òèéøúé ùðâæøä òìéðå." ëìåîø äôéàåú ùðâæøå òì éäåãé äåðâøéä åâìéöéä ìôðé ?- 850 ùðä, áú÷åôúå ùì äøîá"? ?"? îìëé òøá äîåâ'øáéí åð÷øàå æðàðéø. (ëìåîø ðçùéí.) áæàú äí îæäéøéí àú äòøáéí ìäæäø îäéäåãé ëçåøù îæéîåú.
1. ùìåù ùðéí ìàçø îëï, òìä øáðå éùåòä äòãðé, àáéå ùì øáðå ùìîä, îôøù "îìàëú ùìîä" áîùðä, òí ëì áðé îùôçúå, áùðú ùì"? 1571. ?' éùåòä àîø, "÷ééîúé àú òìééúé ?-71 ðôù ìàøõ àáåúé. ëãé ìú÷ï àú àéìåõ éøéãúå ùì éò÷á àáéðå, ùðàìõ ìøãú ìîöøéí ?- 70 ðôù". ?' éùåòä äúééùá òí áðé îùôçúå áöôú. ?áùøé äâàåìä äîùéëå ìæøåí ìúéîï áú÷åôåú ùåðåú. àçã îäí äéä äîãôéñ äöôúé øáé àáøäí áï ?' éöç÷ àùëðæé, ùáé÷ø áúéîï áùðú ùì"è 1579. áùìéçåúå ùì ?' éùåòä äòãðé. äåà òñ÷ áîëéøú ñôøéí ùäáéà àéúå îàøõ éùøàì. áùðú äùîåðä òùøä ùðú ú"ö (1730) , äâéò ìúéîï ùìéç ðåñó, øáé éäåãä á"ø òîøí ãéååàï, áï ìöàöàéí âàåðéí ùì éäåãé îøå÷å ùñçø áñôøé ÷åãù åîëø àú äñôøéí ùäåãôñå áåéìðä. ìòåîú æàú, øëù ñôøéí åëúáé éã òúé÷éí ùðëúáå áúéîï, áöáòé ÷ùú îøäéáéí áéåôééí. ãåâîä ìöåøú ëúéáä æå, ðîöàéí áîëåï ùìåí ìùáèé éùåøåï áðçìú öãå÷ áéøåùìéí, áñôø àì ?'àîò. 5 ùðéí ìàçø îëï, äâéò ìúéîï ùìéç çáøåï øáé éò÷á áåðùéðéåø ùì÷ç àúå, ñôøéí ìäôöä áúéîï.
òåìä çùåá ðåñó ùòìä ?- 1730 îúéîï ìàøõ ãøê ñåøéä, äéä øáðå ùìåí ùøòáé äîëåðä äøù"?. äåà ùää áñåøéä ?- 12 ùðä àöì îùôçú ëìéôä, åìéîã ùí áéùéáåú. ëùçñê îñôé÷ ëñó, òáø ìàøõ éùøàì, ?øëù çì÷ú àãîä ìéã äëåúì äîòøáé. äåà ÷áò àú éùéáúå åîùëðå ìéã äëåúì. áöðéòåúå äøáä, îéðä òöîå ìùîù. äøáðéí ùðú÷ìå á÷åùéåú áùòåú äéåí, ëúáå äùàìåú. åäðéçå àåúï áòøá òì äúéáä. ëãé ùàìéäå äðáéà æ"ì, éôúåø ìäí àú ä÷åùéåú áìéìåú. îúáøø ùäùîù ôúø àú ä÷åùéåú áùòåú äìéìä, òã ùäúâìä ò"é áú äøá. äøáðéí äúéîðéí åäñôøãéí, ìà îøáéí ìäæëéø áãøùåúéäí àú âàåðé úéîï åñôøã. àéîú äøáðéí äàùëðæéí ðåúðú áäí àú àåúåúéä. âàåðé äñåôøéí åäîùåøøéí äúéîðéí åäñôøãéí ìà ðåôìéí îøáðé äçöøåú ùðåöøå áàéøåôä.ìãåâîä: øáðå éäåãä äìåé ?' àéáï âáéøåì ?' ñòãéä âàåï éçéà ?' úí ?' áçéé ?' éçéà (àìö"äøé,) éöäàøé. øáéðå ùìåí ùáæé äîùåøø äãâåì. ëîå ëï ø' ãåã äòãðé, ëåúá äîãøù äâãåì áîàä ?-11. àú äøáðéí éò÷á åðúðàì àìôéåîé ùúîëå ëñôéú åúåøðéú áéùéáú äøé"? áòéø ôàæ ùáîøå÷å,ùäå÷îä áéï äøé äøé"? åìáñåó ÷øàåä òì ùí ?' àìôñé, ùîùí öîçå øåá âàåðé ñôøã. âí àú øáðå éçéà àéáï îåñà òéîøï, ùäéä îåøå åøáå ùì äøîá"? äâãåì áîùê 5 ùðéí áîöøéí, ìà îæëéøéí. ëîå ëï, àú ?' àáøäí àáï òæøà, ?' äøé"? ?' ùùú åàú ?' òåáãéä îáøèåðåøà îôøù äîùðä. äøáðéí îòãéôéí ñéôåøéí, îçöøåú äàã îåøéí îàéøåôä. òáåø äö'? ùî÷áìéí áñåó äçåãù. îòåìí ìà ùîòúé àú ùîå ùì ä÷á"? ùñåøñ åäôê ìùí àìå÷éðå. áî÷åí àìåäéðå. ëúåá áîôåøù áúåøä. "àú äàì àìåäéê úéøà åàåúå úòáåã åáå úãá÷ åáùîå úùáò." äñéôåø òì " åìà úùáòå áùîé ìù÷ø. àå ìà úùà àú ùí äàì àìåäéê ìùåà" àéðå øìååðèé ëàï. ôùåè äôëðå ðâøøéí àçøé àçéðå äàùëðæéí, úîåøú äö'?. òí ëì äùôòúä ùì îôìâú ?"? åëåçä ìà ùåðä ãáø äéåú åøáðé ?"? ìîãå áçöøåú äàãîåøéí. éù ìé çùù ëáã îàã, ùéåí àçã úôøåõ îìçîú úøáåú ãúéú áï éäãåú äîæøç åàùëðæ. äúéîðéí ðåúøå áï ùðé äîçðåú ëðâøøéí ììà ùåí ùééëåú. ùðé äâàåðéí äøîá"? åø' éçéà òéîøï, äúâåøøå áúåê ÷äéìä ñôøãéú åúéîðéú òðéôä áîöøéí. òì äúéîðéí ðàîø ááåàí ìàøõ. ðçîãéí, ëðåòéí, ñúâìðéí, åîñúô÷éí áîåòè. äúéîðéí ùòìå áòìééú úøî"á 1882 ùåëðå áîòøåú ëôø ñéìååàï áöåøä úú àðåùéú. äúéîðéí ùòìå ?- 1904 äâéòå ìëðøú, ìô"?, ìçãøä, ìøàùì"ö åìøçåáåú. áøçåáåú, äí ùåëðå áøôúåú åáàåøååú ñåñéí. ùðé éìãéí ÷ôàå ìîååú, áøôú ùì àçú îîùôçåú àçéðå äàéëøéí éåöàé àéøåôä. (òééï áöéåï åöéåðåú ùì äà÷ãîéä.) ùìåù ðùéí úéîðéåú ðúôñå åðâøøå áøçåáä äîøëæé ùì äîåùáä øçåáåú, ëùäï ÷ùåøåú áùéòø øàùï. äï äåì÷å áîøëæä ùì äòéø øçåáåú, òì éãé àçã äàéëøéí. òì ùäòæå ì÷åùù æîåøåú éáùåú, îëøí òðáéí áòåðú äçåøó. ëùäñåôø åäîìçéï ãï àìîâåø ëúá åäìçéï ùéø áùí æîåøåú éáùåú, äåà àåééí òì éãé äú÷ùåøú ùéôñé÷å ìäùîéò àú ùéøéå. ëîå ëï àú ùéøéå ùì äæîø éæäø ëäï, ùùø àú ùéø äæîåøåú äéáùåú. ?-09/09/1990 òøëðå îåôò áäéëì äñôåøè áéã àìéäå åá÷ùúé îéæäø ìùéø àú ùéø äæîåøåú äéáùåú. ò÷á çåöôúé åãøéùúé ìäòìàú äùéø. äàéøåò ìà ñå÷ø áëìé äú÷ùåøú. 10 àìôéí àéù áàåìí åàìôé àðùéí áçåõ, ùäôâéðå ìäòìàúí ùì éäåãé úéîï, ìàçø 40 ùðä ùì îùôçåú çöåéåú áï úéîï ìéùøàì. ÷øé, áòìéí îðùéí, åéìãéí îäåøéí, ìà òðééï àéù. äòååì çââ ìàåøê ùðéí ëìôé äúéîðéí. äí âåøùå áëç îëðøú, ìàçø ùñé÷ìå àú äèøùéí åäñìòéí. äí äåùôìå áîåùáä çãøä åçôöé áä.( òééï áñôø øáðå ñòãéä îñåøé ?"?.) ëîå ëï, áàí äîåùáåú ôúç ú÷åä. áðçìú éäåãä. áøùì"?. áùòøééí ùáøçåáåú. (òééï áñôøéí "äéùøàìéí äøàùåðéí". "áï öéôåøðé äðùøéí". "öéåï åöéåðåú" ùçåùó àú ñéôåø ùðé äéìãéí ù÷ôàå ìîååú áøôú äàëøéí áøçåáåú. åòåã. äòååì äâãåì åäîçôéø áéåúø, äéúä äöåøä ùáä âåøùå äúéîðéí îëôø úåçìú. (ñôøééä) áùðåú ?- 60. äéåí ð÷øà äî÷åí ëôø çáã. åæàú áæîï ùðùéà îãéðú éùøàì æìîï ùæø ?"? öåôä, ÷åøà, åùåîò àú ðà÷ú äîùôçåú äúéîðéåú ùäôìå áäí àçéðå äçáãðé÷éí äãúééí àú îëåúéäí. ìàéù ìà äéä àéëôú îñáì äúéîðéí. áå áæîï ùàðå éåùáéí áîãéðä îúå÷ðú áçå÷ æëåéåú äàãí åçéøåúå, áùðåú ?-60 . àçéðå äéôìå àú îëåúéäí áðùéí æ÷ðåú, ðùéí áäøéåï, åæ÷ðéí, ëùáðé äîùôçåú äöòéøéí äéå áòáåãä. åæàú, ëãé ìæøæ àú òæéáúí. ëîå ëï ðéñå ìùøåó öøéó ùì îùôçú ãåøá, ëùùðé áðéä ùì çðä ëìåàéí áôðéí, åäîéí ñâåøéí áîæéã åáæãåï. çðä îåñ÷åñ÷é äáú äðùåàä ìàùëðæé îúâåøøú áèåøåðèå ùðéí øáåú. äéà ðúðä ìñéôåøä äãéí øáéí, áúåê ä÷äéìä äéäåãéú á÷ðãä. ëùäñéôåø äåáà ìéãòú ä÷åðâøñ, ðúá÷ùúé ìäúòøá îéã. ëùðåãò ìé äñéôåø îâá' çðä, èñúé àéúä îéã àøöä. äæäøúé àú àðùé äî÷åí áðåëçåúä ùì äîùèøä åäòéúåðàéú äðëáãä øé÷ä áø÷åáéõ' îéãéòåú àçøåðåú. òìé ìöééï ùâá' çðä éãåòä ëîëðéñú àåøçéí ááéúä åòåæøú ìøáðéí îäàøõ ìâééñ úøåîåú ìéùéáåú, åìðæ÷÷éí áèåøðèå. áàåúä ú÷åôä äöìéçå àðùé çáã ìâøù áäáèçåú ùåðåú àú äúéîðéí ìòéø éàæåø. åìùëåðú îåìãú ùáçåìåï. ðùàìú äùàìä. îä äôøéò ìàçéðå äàùëðæéí ìâåø ìöã äúéîðéí ùäí èåòðéí ùäí ëì ëê àåäáéí ùäúééùáå áî÷åí îùðú 49?. äúùåáä âæòðåú. àú àçøåðé 12 äîùôçåú äúéîðéåú äàçøåðåú, ôéöå áëñó ãì. àú áéú äëðñú äúéîðé äøñå ëùëì ñôøé ä÷åãù ðîöàéí áôðéí ìôé ãáøé çðä åòãéí ðåñôéí. îùôçú ãåøá âéãìå 12 éìãéí ?-2 çãøéí, 5 òì 4 ?' ëì çãø, ììà ùåí çãøé ðåçéåú áúåê äáéú. ëùâìéúé ùîø' ãåøá ðëä öä"?, á÷ùúé îîðå ìáðåú îéã çãã ðåçéåú åìñâåø àú äîøôñú òì àçøéåúé. ìàåø äôéøñåîéí äùìéìééí, ÷éøáå àðùé çáã áèåøåðèå àú äáòì ìöì ÷åøúí. äí âøîå ì÷øò áéï áðé äæåâ. ìàéùéåúä ùì çðä äãáé÷å ãîåú ùì îèåøôú åàú äáï äöòéø ãðé âøùå îáéú äñôø äéñåãé äéäåãé. áéîéí àìä äæåâ òåîã ìäúâøù. äà÷ãîéä åäîîñã ùîøå ìòöîí àú äæëåú ìåîø ùòìééú áéì"å ùòìúä ?-1882 ?- 7 çåãùéí àçøé òìééú éäåãé úéîï, ùîøä ìòöîä àú äæëåú ìèòåï ùäí äòìééä äøàùåðä. òåìé òìééú áéìå îðå ?- 14 àéù. áðéäí àéùä àçú. ùîåðä îäí ðùøå, åòæáå àú äàøõ. ùùú äðåúøéí äôëå ìäéåú "ëåáùé äàøõ". äà÷ãîéä ðåúðú ìðå ìäáéï ?"? çå÷øéí úéîðéí, ùéäåãé úéîï òìå ìàøõ ø÷, ?-1882 áòìééú úøî"? åúå ìà. åòì æàú ðåúðéí úåàø ôøåôñåøä ìúéîðé. äúðäâåúéðå ëçâáéí, âåøîú ìëê ùàðå îàáãéí àú ëì îä ùùééê ìðå äéñèåøéú áçå÷ åáöã÷. äà÷ãîàéí äúéîðéí ìöòøé,ìà ç÷øå îñôé÷. äí îñúô÷éí áñôøéí ùäàåáøñéèàåú îàôùøåú åîîìéöä òìéäí, áðåùà éäãåú úéîï. áðåùà úéîï, éù ìðå ?"? à÷ãîàéí úéîðéí ùðåùàéí úàøéí ìî÷öåòåú úéîðééí. ëðøàä, ìôé äîìöú äàåðáøñéèàåú. éù ìðå ?"? ôøåôñåøéí åã"? øéí ìîëáéø. ôøå' ìâìåú îàåæò. ôø' ìòìééú úøî"? ?"? ìçéðä ?"? ìîçìå÷ú äúéîðéú ááúé äëðñú. ôø' ìçåù ääåîåø äúéîðé, åòåã. ìòåîú à÷ãîàéí åçå÷øéí øöéðééí áùèçé äîãò åäøôåàä ùìîãå áçå"?, äòãä äúéîðéú îúáøëú áæëåú àéùéåúí åâàåðéåúí áòåìí, áæëåú îç÷øéäí ùì. ôø' çééí âîìéàì, ìøôåàä åúæåðä îàøä"?. ôø' îøãëé áùàøé ùòáåãúå åîç÷øéå áç÷ø äàðøâéä åäçìì äãäéîå àú äîãéðä åàú îãòðé àøä"?. (äòðééï ñåãé, åàððé îåøùä ìôøñîå.) ôø' ëñôé îãòé äãúåú åäîæøç. ôø' àëøí éåòõ ìîîùìú äåìðã ìàðøâéä âøòéðéú. øåôàéí, ?"? öáé áï îùä åã"? öáøé áîç÷øé äøôåàä. ôø' ìàðúøåôåìåâéä âá' ñîãø âîìéàì ìøîï, ùääîìöåú òìéä îôøåôñåøéí ùåðéí áòåìí, äéðí ìòéìà åìòéìà. äëúáåú òìéä åòì àéùéåúä áòéúåðé ñåó ùáåò áçåãù éðåàø 2002, çùôå àú ôøöåôä äâæòðé åäîëåòø ùì äà÷ãîéä åäàìéèä äàùëðæéú äâæòðéú äéùøàìéú. áùåøåú äâàåìä äîùéëå ìäâéò òì éãé ùìéçéí îàøõ éùøàì. áùðú ú÷ö"â 1833 äâéò øáé áøåê áï ùîåàì îöôú, éìéã ôéðñ÷ ùáôåìéï. øåùí øá äùàéø áäáàú ñôøéí åîëéøúí áúéîï. ùìéçéí ðåñôéí çùåáéí äéå ùîåàì éáðéàìé, ùäâéò ìúéîï áùðú 1910. äåà ùää áä ëùðä, åòùä ùí ñì÷öéä ëãé ìâééñ òåáãéí çñåðéí åöòéøéí, ìëåç äòáåãä äç÷ìàéú äìàåîéú, åìúðåòú äôåòìéí äàøöéùøàìéú, ùðåñãä îàåçø éåúø áçåãù àãø, ùðú úøò"è 1919. àçã îøàùé äòãä äúéîðéú áàåúä ú÷åôä, äéä øáðå àáøäí èáéá æö"?, àáé øàù äòéø òøã áéîéðå áöìàì èáéá äé"?, ùäéä äåà åçáéøå æëøéä âìåñ÷ä, ìçä"? äøàùåðä. åîàåçø éåúø, äôê ìäéåú ðùéà äúàçãåú äúéîðéí, ùäå÷îä á- 1923 éçã òí æëøéä âìåñ÷ä, òåáãéä îæøçé, äøîúé, ùîòåï â'øééãé, åùìîä áï ùìîä éöç÷ ìåé. ùäåà áï ìîùôçåú äøàùåðåú ùòìå ìàøõ áòìéä äùðéä. ùìîä ðåìã áôúç ú÷åä åäéä îáðéä äøàùåðéí, ùäúâééñ ìðåèøéí åääâðä. áï äéúø ÷éáì àñîëúä îñáé äîðåç äøá éçéà ðçåí æö"?, ëùåçè åîð÷ø, åäôê ì÷öá äøàùåï áîçðä éäåãä áô"?. àéùéåúå äôëä ìùí ãáø. áðéå ðçîéä, ãðéàì åòîåñ, îîùéëéí àú ãøëå òã äéåí. äåà ÷ééí àú äôñå÷, "áðéê ëùúéìé æúéí ñáéá ìùåìçðéê". äñåëðåú äéäåãéú òùúä äëì ìäôøéã áéï äúéîðéí, ëãé ùìà éæëå áçì÷ îäúøåîåú äîâéòåú îçå"?. ëùâìåñ÷ä éöà ìàøä"? áëãé ìâééñ úøåîåú ìîòï äúéîðéí, äñåëðåú òùúä äëì ëãé ìäùçéø àú ôðéå åàéùéåúå. îàåçø éåúø ðéñå ìòùåú æàú âí ìé. äí âééñå àú áðé äòãä äîôåøñîéí ôòéìé äîîñã òåùé øöåðí ëãé ìçáì áàéùéåúé. äøáä æä ìà òæø ìäí. ø÷ çáì îàã ùàåúí úéîðéí ìà éåãòéí ùäí çéáìå áàéùéåúí. äòãä äúéîðéú àéðä îèåîèîú. äéà éåãòú áãéå÷ îé òåùä ìîòðä åîé ìîòï òöîå. äòñ÷ðéí èåòðéí ùäúéîðéí àãéùéí åìà éåöéàéí ìäôâðåú. òåáãä áòøá äåöàú ñôøé áéï ùúé úøáåéåú äâéòå ?-5 àìôéí àéù îëì øçáé äàøõ ìàåìí äàéøåòéí âï äôé÷àï áøçåáåú. äëðñéí áäéëì äñôåøè áéã àìéäå, äúîìà ôòîééí.å÷äì øá ìà äöìéç ìäéëðñ ôðéîä. àåìí äàåãéèåøéåí áëðñú äéä îìà åîàåú àðùéí ùáå äáéúä ò÷á äâùí åàé àôùøåú ëðéñúí. éù ìé ìåîø úåãä î÷øá ìá ìëì áðé òãúé ùîàîéðéí áé åáôòéìåúé. ùìéç ðåñó, ùðùìç ìúéîï áùðú 5- 1946, äéä ?' çééí öãå÷, ùðùìç îèòí äñåëðåú äéäåãéú. áùåøú äâàåìä äúñéñä àú ìá áðé äòãä äúéîðéú ùæøîå áäîåðéäí ìòãï ùáãøåí úéîï. äâ'åééðè ä÷éí îçðåú îàåäìéí. îçðä âàåìä, åîñáéáå îçðåú ìàçâ', çàùã åîñòáééï. ëùá÷øúé áòãï áùðú 78 áàøëéåï äáøéèé øöéúé ì÷áì äòú÷ îúîåðú äåøéé ùòìå áùðú 42 îàøëéåï äòìééä äáøéèé. ëîå ëï øöéúé ìøàåú åìäúøùí îëì äàéæåø. âéìéúé ùîñòáééï, äéä îçðä öáàé áøéèé ùùëï áúåëå ?- 800 çééìéí. äâ'åéðè ùëø àú äî÷åí ëãé ìøëæ áå äòåìéí, ùäîúéðå ìòìééä îùðú 43-òã 45. ùí ùéëðå àìôé úéîðéí. ë-5 àìôéí òìå àøöä îîçðä æä áéï äùðéí 42 òã 45.
áùðú 48 îçðä âàåìä, åîçðåú çàùã ìàçâ' åîñòáééï îñáéá, ÷ìèå òùøåú àìôé îùôçåú. ëîå ëï ðáðå îñôø îøôàåú òáåø äéìãéí åäçåìéí. ääåøéí ðúá÷ùå ìäáéà àú äéìãéí ìáãé÷åú. úîéîåú äúéîðéí äééúä áòåëøí. éìãéäí åçì÷ îðùåúéäí, ðì÷çå îäí áúøîéú. òùøåú éìãéí äçìå ìäòìí îúåê äîøôàåú. ìùàìú ääåøéí "àéä äéìãéí?" úùåáú äàçéåú åäøåôàéí äéúä, ùäéìãéí ðôèøå åð÷áøå. åçì÷ ùìçðå ìéùøàì åùí ú÷áìå àåúí ðàîø ìäåøéí ìëùúâéòå. äí äéå çåìéí, åìà øöéðå ìöòø àúëí. îòãåúä ùì âá' ñòéã îúáøø ìðå àéê ðçèôä áéúä æåäøä ëùäéà áøéàä åùìîä. äàçåú îàùä ÷ôìï äéúä àçú äâðáåú äøàùéåú. äéà äéúä àçåú øàùéú áòãï. åäéà àùø âðáä àú äáú æåäøä. îàùä ÷ôìï äòéãä áôðé åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú, òì úô÷éãä áçèéôú äéìãéí. äéà àîøä ùðäâä ìôé ääåøàåú ù÷éáìä. îàùä ñéôøä ùáðñéòúä äàçøåðä ìàøõ, ì÷çä àéúä 28 éìãéí éôéí åáøéàéí îòãï. ìäåøéí äúéîðéí ðàîø, ùäéìãéí îúå. åëì îé ùéòùä øòù åöøåú, ìà éåëì ìäéëðñ ìà"é. ÷ùä ìàîåã àú îñôø îàåú äéìãéí ùðòìîå áòãï. ãåâîä ìîåôú. àê äçìä âðéáú äéìãéí ëùäí çééí åáøéàéí, ð÷ç îîùôçú ñòéã åàçøéí.

äâá' îøéí ñòéã åòåáãéä áòìä îñôøéí, òì äôùò äðåøà. ëéöã ðòìîä áéúí æåäøä åøëåùí. åæä ñéôåøí: éåí òìééúðå ìàøõ äâéò. ðúá÷ùðå ìàøåæ àú ëì äîèìèìéí ùìðå. ëñó, æäá, úëùéèéí, ãáøé ø÷îä, åëì ñôøé ä÷åãù åëúáé éã äòúé÷éí ùäéå áøùåúðå, åìäðéç àåúí ìéã äîèåñ. ëì äòåùø ùì äåøéé åäåøé áòìé ðâðáå ìðå áòåøîä. äåáèç ìðå ùð÷áì äëì áàøõ. ðàîø ìðå ùäúëùéèéí, äëñó åäæäá, ùì úéîï èîàéí äí. åîé ùéòøéí òì äùìéçéí åéçáéà çì÷ îäëñó äæäá åäøëåù, äîèåñ éôåì åëåìí éäøâå áâììå. äàîðå ìàçéðå äùìéçéí. ìà éãòðå ùì ôððå òåîãéí âðáéí, ùäùúîùå áùìéçéí äúéîðéí ëîúåøâîðéí. áúé æåäøä ùäééúä ëáú òùøä çåãùéí áøéàä åçééëðéú, ðì÷çä îîðé áòåøîä òì éãé äàçåú, îàùä ÷ôìï. äàçåú äçæé÷ä àú äéìãä áæøåòåúéä, ëùòìéðå ìîèåñ. äéìãä äçìä ìáëåú. á÷ùúé îäàçåú ùúàôùø ìé ìäðé÷ä. ëì úçðåðéé òìå áúåäå. áîùê 8 ùòåú éùáúé áèéñä åáëéúé îøåá ëàáéí, îäçìá ùäúøáä áçæé. àê äàçåú òîãä áñéøåáä, åäàëéìä àú äéìãä áòöîä. ëùäâòðå ìùãä äúòåôä ìåã, éøãä äàçåú îäîèåñ øàùåðä ëùáúé áéï æøåòåúéä, åáøçä. øãôúé àçøéä åöò÷úé äöéìå, äöéìå, âðáå ìé àú äéìãä. áî÷åí ìòöåø àú äàçåú, äîùèøä òöøä àåúé. äí á÷ùå îîðé ìäéøâò. äñáéøå ìé ùàú äéìãä ð÷áì áîçðä ä÷ìéèä. áñåó äúáøø ìðå ùøáåú äîùôçåú ùøåîå, áöåøä æå àå àçøú. ñéôåøä ùì îùôçú ñòéã òéðééï àú äú÷ùåøú äáðìàåîéú. éåí àçã ðúá÷ùúé òì éãé ðöéâé úçðú èìååéæéä ä÷ðãéú áéùøàì, ñé. èé. åé. ìòæåø ìäí ìøàééï åìúøâí àú äñéôåø ùì îùôçú ñòéã îîåùá úðåáåú. éãòúé ùòì éãé äúøâåí, îåèìú òìé àçøéåú ìùîåø ÷åãí ëì àú ëáåãä ùì äàåîä åäîãéðä. äëðúé àú äîùôçä ùàðé îâéò àìéäí ìáé÷åø. ðñòðå ìîåùá. ùí äúâìúä ìðå îùôçä àöéìú ðôù éåöàú îéï äëìì. ðú÷áìðå áñáø ôðéí éôåú. äí ñéôøå àú ñéôåøí ááëé åáëàá ðåøàé. ìàçø ùðøâòå îäáëé åñéåí äøàéåï, äëéðå ìðå àøåçú öäøéí úéîðéú î÷åøéú. äâáø éøã ììåì åàøæ ìëì àçã îàúðå ÷øèåï áéöéí. äúáåððúé áæåâ äéôä äæä, ëîëðéñé àåøçéí ùìà òì îðú ì÷áì ôøñ. áç÷éøåúéé âìéúé ùëì îùôçä ùç÷øúé àîøå àîú. îúåê ùéçåúéé òí îùôçåú, ìîãúé òì ùéèú äòìîú äéìãéí, äøëåù, ñôøé ä÷åãù, åäðùéí äðùåàåú. äñéôåøéí äáàéí ùñåôøå ìé äéå îìååéí áëàá, áöòø, åáëòñ. äñéôåøéí äáàéí, éîçéùå ìðå àú ùéèú äôòåìä ùäéúä îàåøâðú, òã äôøè äàçøåï. åäúùåáåú äçî÷ðéåú åäù÷øéåú ùì äîîñã ìà éåòéìå. áòééú äòãä äúéîðéú, ùáðéä åáðåúéä äîú÷ãîéí åäîùëéìéí îúáééùéí ?í áäåøéäí, ùàéôùøå ìðöéâé äîîñã åäùìéçéí ìøîåú àåúí. äáòéä äéà ùëì äúçëîåéåú äîîñã îçùéôú äàîú åîîöéàú ôúøåï, ø÷ îâáéøåú àú äëàá åäùðàä. éù ìé çùù ùáéåí áäéø àçã, äòðééï äæä éúôåöõ ìðå åìîãéðä áôøöåó, áôðé áéú îùôè áï ìàåîé ìôùòéí çîåøéí ?"? áðé îùôçåú ðåàùåú. àï ñô÷ ùçå÷øéí áãåøåú äáàéí ìà éçñëå àú ùáè ìùåðí îîðé òì ùìà àôùøúé ìòðééï äæä ìäúáøø áôðé áéú îùôè áçå"?. àåé ìä ìàåúä ëìéîä ùááåà äòú, ôøùä æå úùçéø àú ôðé äòí äéäåãé áòåìí ìãåøåúéå.

äøá ùìîä ÷åøç, øáä ùì äòéø áðé áø÷ åàá"ã, äâéò òí áðé îùôçúå îöðòä ìòãï áîùàéú òîåñä áøëåù øá, åáàøâæéí îìàéí áñôøé ÷åãù. àú äëñó, äæäá åäúëùéèéí, äöìéçå áçëîúí ìäòìéí áçì÷å äâãåì, îòéðé äùìéçéí åîîàøâðé äòìééä. òåáãä. äëñó åäæäá òùä ìîùôçú ÷åøç çééí ÷ìéí éåúø. áëñó åáæäá, øëùå áúéí åðëñéí, ëùäâéòå ìàøõ. àú ñôøé ä÷åãù, åëúáé éã äòúé÷éí ðàìöå ìäô÷éã áéãé äùìéçéí áòãï. äîùôçåú ùìà äéå æäéøåú, áìòå àú äñéôåø. ùîé ùéòìä ìîèåñ òí äëñó, äæäá åäúëùéèéí, "äîèåñ ééôåì åéúøñ÷, äéåú ùäëñó åäæäá ùì úéîï èîàéí äí. àáì àí úàøæå äëì áçáéìåú, àðçðå ðáéà àú äëì àøöä áàåðéä". äúéîðéí äàîéðå áàçéäí äàùëðæéí ùìéçé äîîñã. ùðòæøå áîúåøâîðéí úéîðéí. áéï ëì àìôé äîùôçåú ùäô÷éãå àú ñôøéäí, äééúä âí îùôçúå ùì äøá éçéà àìùééê æö"ì, ùáùðåú ä-60 äáéà áúçøåú äòåìîéú àú ëúø äúåøä, ëçúï äúð"ê äéäåãé äòåìîé. 55 àøâæéí àøæå îùôçú àìùééê áñôøé ÷åãù åáëúáé éã òúé÷éí. ùîçéø ëì ñôø úåøä áéîéðå ùëúåá òì ÷ìó, îúçéì îçéøå ?- 000 30 ãåìø åîòìä. îçéø ñôø úåøä úéîðé òúé÷ éåîéï, äëúåá òì ?'àååéì. ( òåø öáé ) îçéøå áîçéø øéàìé îéðéîìé, éúçéì ?- 500 àìó ãåìø åîòìä. 55 ñôøéí òúé÷éí ëàìä, äéå ìîùôçú äøá àìùééê. ëê îòéã äøá çééí âéàú åøáðéí àçøéí ùðåëçå áî÷åí, áùáòä ùì îæëéø áéú äîùôè äòìéåï ëáåã éãéãé åîëåáãé äùåôè øùí åäîæëéø äøàùé ùîøéäå ëäï æö"?. áðåñó ?ëúáé éã òúé÷éí, ñéãåøé úôéìä, úàâ'éí, (äçåîù äúéîðé) áðåñó ìøëåù. àú äøá àìùééê äëøúé ìøàùåðä ëùáà ëòåìä çãù, ìá÷ø àú ñáé åàú àáé äîðåçéí. ëáåã äøáðéí ò"?. äøá îåøé éçéà ðçåí åáðå éåñó àáé òèøú øàùé, æö"?. äñáà, äéä ñåçø áãéí ùñáá àú äåãå àéèìéä åúåøëéä, äéä øáä äøàùé ùì ëì äòãä äúéîðéú. áéùøàì åáúéîï. áúéîï, äåà îåðä ò"é îîùìú úåøëéä, á- 1894, ëàùø äéà ùìèä áúéîï. ëùðëáùä úéîï ?"? äàéîàí éçéà çîéã àìãéï ?- 1904, ñáé îåðä ëéåòõ ìàéîàí. òí ëì äéãéãåú åäçéáä ùì äàéîí ìñáé, äåà ðàìõ ìáøåç îúéîï ìòãï, ò÷á øãéôåú äùééëéí ùâéìå ùñáé òñ÷ áäáøçú éúåîéí åàìîðåú. ñáé òìä àøöä ?- 1932. àáé äîðåç, îéìà àú î÷åîå òã ìòìééúðå àøöä ?- 1942. îñîëéí òì îéðåéå ùì ñáà îäîîùìä äúåøëéú åäàéîàí, ðîöàéí áàåðéáøñéèú áø àéìï, áéãé äçå÷øéí äðëáãéí, ã"ø àäøåï â'? îàðé åã"ø àøéàì äìååé, ðëãå ùì äøá äâàåï îåøé éçéà éöç÷ äìååé æö"ì, ùùéîù ëàá áéú ãéï öðòä. áñåó ùðú 1949 àå úçéìú ùðú äçîéùéí (50'), ðëðñ îåøé éçéà àìùééê ìñáé äîðåç. äñúëìúé òìéå ëéìã îñå÷øï. äøá àìùééê âéìä ñéîðé ãàâä åçåñø ù÷è ðôùé, áðåâò ìñôøéå. äåà ø÷ ìà éãò, ùîðë"ì äòìééä åä÷ìéèä éöç÷ øôàì, ÷éáì äðçééä îéöç÷ áï öáé æ"ì , ðùéà îãéðú éùøàì ìùòáø, åæä ìùåðå: ìéäåãéí äòåìéí îúéîï, éù àåöø áìåí áñôøé éåãàé÷ä òùéøä åëúáé éã òúé÷éí ùéù ìäòìéîí îäí. áúîåøä ìùåã, îåôéòä îçîàä ìéäåãé úéîï òì ùèø ùì îàä ¤, ùáå îåôéòä ãîåúå ùì áï öáé. òì äùèø ëúåá: ùëì òãåú éùøàì äï òãåú ðôìàåú. àê äòãä äúéîðéú òåìä òì ëåìï. æàú ìãòúé ðçîú ùåèéí áúîåøä ìáéöåò äùåã. ñáé äøâéò àú äøá åäáèéç ìå ùéèôì áòðééï, ãøê äøáðåú äøàùéú. ñáé äéä àçã îôåñ÷é ääìëä, åëñâï àá áéú äãéï äøáðé áéøåùìéí. ñáé ðîðò îìñôø ìøá àìùééê òì äùåã åàåáãï ñôøéðå, ëãé ìà ìäëàéá ìå éúø òì äîéãä. òáøå ëùðä ùðúééí, åìúéîðéí ðùìçå äåãòåú ìáåà ìðîì éôå, òì éãé äñåëðåú äéäåãéú åîùøãé äòìééä åä÷ìéèä. äúéîðéí äâéòå ìðîì éôå ùùéí åùîçéí, ëãé ì÷áì àú äøëåù åñôøé ä÷åãù ùìäí. äí ìà éãòå ùäùåããéí äâãåìéí, òåùéí ìîòðí äöâú ùåèéí, ëãé ùéàîéðå, ùäðä ùìéçé äîîñã îéìàå àú çåáúí, å÷øàå ìäí ì÷áì àú ñôøé ä÷åãù åàú øëåùí. ðöéâé äîîñã áééîå ùøéôä áàåúå éåí, åäøàå ìúéîðéí äîéåçñéí îîùôçåú ÷åøç, àìùééê, â'øééãé, ðãá, ðã ?ó, çéáùåù ìñáé äîðåç åàáé åìîàåú îùôçåú. çì÷ äàîéðå åìà äàîéðå. ùëì äîçæä äæä ÷åøä ìðâã òéðéäí. ùäðä, ñôøé ä÷åãù åäøëåù, ùäåáàå ìéùøàì ò"é äàåðééä ìåö'ä, òåìéí áàù áúåê îçñï òð÷ áðîì éôå, åìà òåùéí äøáä, ëãé ìëáåú àú äùøéôä. øáéí îäúéîðéí ìà äàîéðå áîçæä äùåèéí, ùáééîå ðöéâé äîîñã åäñåëðåú. òîãúé ìéã ñáé, ëðòø öòéø ëáï 15, äîåí ìîøàä òéðéé. ðæëøúé áîøàåú äîùôéìéí åäîæòæòéí ùòáøå ñáé åàáé äîéðåçéí áùðú 1944, ëùòìéðå ìñåëðåú äéäåãéú áéøåùìéí ëãé ìá÷ù àú ñôøéðå áùìéùéú. îçæä ääúðùàåú åäùçöðåú åøâù äòìéåðåú ùì äô÷éãéí åäîðäìéí äîðååìéí òøìé äìá ùá÷åùé äúééçñå àìéðå, âøîå ìé ìãçó ôðéîé á÷øáé, ììîåã àú ùôúí. äöòø åäáëé ùâøîå àåúí ô÷éãé ñåëðåú òìåáé äðôù ùàîøå ìàáé åñáé ùäàåðéä ùáä äéå ñôøéðå, èáòä áìá éí òí ëì äöååú. îùôçúé ëîòè äàîéðä ìðåëìéí äàìä. áéåí äàéøåò áðîì éôå, àîø àáé ìñáé. çåùùðé, ùæàú àåúä úøîéú, ùçåæøú òì òöîä. äàåðéä ùðùàä àú äñôøéí ùìðå, èáòä ëåìä. åúëåìú äàåðéä ùì äòåìéí äàìä, ðùøôéí îåì òéðéðå. ëðøàä ùæàú ùéèú ùåã îáåééîú åîúåëððú. ìîøàä äùøéôä åäìäáåú, ÷øòå äøáðéí àú áâãéäí ñèøå ìòöîí áìçééí, åðôìå àôééí àøöä ááëé ÷åøò ìá. ñáé ôúç á÷éðåú îñôø éøîéä äðáéà: "îé ééúï øàùé îéí åòéðé î÷åø ãîòä åàáëä éåîí åìéìä" àú ùãéãúä åäùôìúä ùì úåøúéðå åòãúðå ä÷ãåùä. äîçæä äæä ìòåìí ìà éîåù îæéëøåðé. áôøè ëùàñåðåú áàå òì àîé åòìéðå, àçã àçøé äùðé. øàùéú àéáãðå àú àçé ùðôì áú÷åôú îìçîú äùéçøåø ?- 1948. á÷åùé äúàåùùðå îðôéìú àçé éåñó. ñáúé äàäåáä îöã àéîé ðôèøä áùðú ?- 50. åîëä ðåñôú ðçúä òìéðå. îåúå ùì àáé îöòø áùðú 52, ëúåöàä îðôéìú àçé. ðåúøðå 5 éìãéí ÷èðéí òí àìîðä öòéøä áîãéðä ùäúëçùä ìáðé òãåú äîæøç áöåøä äîëåòøú áéåúø. äñéôåøéí äáàéí éîçéùå àú äæååòåú.
îùôçú ÷åøç ðçèôä ìäí àçåú áøéàä, áú 9 çåãùéí. àçåúí äáåâøú éåðä, äðùåàä ìîùôçú çåáøä, çèôå âí ìä àú áúä äéôéôééä ùäéúä ëáú ùðä. ìàçø øéöåú åöò÷åú åàéåîéí åáëé îø åùáéúú øòá, äçìéèå äøåôàéí åäàçéåú, ìòùåú èåáä ìâá' çåáøä. æàú ìàçø ùùëðòå àåúä ëé áúä ðôèøä, åäí îåëðéí ìúú ìä àåúä ì÷áåøä áúðàé, ùìà úôúç àú äúëøéëéí. äéåú åéù ìéìãä îçìä îîàøú åîãá÷ú. äéà ðùàä àú äâåôä áéãéä, åäìëä ìáéúä çñøú øâùåú. ìéáä ðéáà ìä, ùëãàé ìä ìôúåç àú äúëøéëéí, åìøàåú áôòí äàçøåðä àú ôðé áúä, çøó àæäøåú äøåôàéí åäàçéåú. äéà ôúçä àú äñîøèåè äøàùåï. äùðé, äùìéùé, åäøáéòé, åäçáéìä äçìä ìäöèî÷. åäðä îúáøø, ùáéï ëì äñîøèåèéí ùëáä ìä áåáú ôìñèé÷ îîåìàú áòéñä. îéã äáéðä ùæàú äöâä ùì îèåîèîéí, ùëãàé ìç÷åø àåúä òã äéñåã. îùôçú ÷åøç äçìä áùðåú ?- 50 ìçôù àú ñôøé ä÷åãù åàú äéìãåú. ñéôåø äîùôçä äåòìä, áúåëðéú òåáãä ùì àéìðä ãééï. òéðééï ñôøé äúéîðéí ùðùããå èáòå åðùøôå, ööéí ôúàåí ëéåí, áëì îéðé îåæéàåðéí. ëúáé äéã ùì ?' ùìåí ùáæé äîôøùéí àú ääôèøåú ðîöàéí áîåñãåú äøá ÷å÷. úàâ"éí ùì øáé áðééä äñåôø îìôðé 500 ùðä ðîöàå åöåìîå òì éãé äñåôø åäçå÷ø, ?' éåàá ôðçñ äðåñò áòåìí. äåà öìí àú ñôøé éäåãé úéîï "ùëáéëåì" èáòå åðùøôå, áîåæéàåðéí áøçáé äòåìí. äåà îñôø àú äúâìéåú ëùòéðéå æåìâåú ãîòåú, òì âåøì ðëñé äøåç ùì éäãåú úéîï. äðä äçùéôåú òì äøëåù ùèáò åðùøó ëáéëåì.
áùðåú ä- 70, äøá îàéø ÷åøç äúäìê ìå áøçåáåú éøåùìéí áçéôåù àçø äñôøéí. áà÷øàé ôâù áøçåá, àçã îæ÷ðé úéîï áùí éçéà úðòîé. úðòîé, äôðä àú úùåîú ìáå ùì îàéø, ùéùðå ñåçø ñôøéí áùí ùååøõ, ùîöéò ìîëéøä ñôøéí òúé÷éí áúåê áéú, áùëåðú úì àøæä áéøåùìéí. îàéø äìê ìëúåáú äð"?, åáé÷ù ìøàåú ñôøéí åëúáé éã òúé÷éí. áòì äáéú ðéñä ìùëðò àú îàéø ùðøàä ìå ëòðé, ùñôøéí àìä ìà áùáéìå. äéåú åñôøéí àìä é÷øéí îàåã. îçéøí îúçéì, ?- 50,000 ãåìø åîòìä. îàéø ùéëðò àú áòì äáéú ùäåà àãí àîéã. ìàçø ãéï åãáøéí, äñëéí áòì äáéú ìäøàåú îñôø ñôøéí. îàéø äáçéï áùí îùôçúå, äîåôéòä òì äëøéëä. äåà äøàä æàú ìáòì äáéú ëäåëçä, ùäñôøéí ðâðáå îäí. ìàçø îùà åîúï äñëéí áòì äáéú ìúú ìîàéø àú ùðé ñôøé çîéùä çåîùé úåøä. ( äúéâ'àï ). åîñôø ëúáé éã. áúðàé, ùìà é÷øà ìîùèøä. ìîçøú ùá îàéø ìàåúä ëúåáú, àê äñåçø ðòìí òí äñôøéí. îàéø ëúá îëúá çøéó ìôðçñ ñôéø æ"ì, ùäéä ùø äàåöø áúçéìú ãøëä ùì äîãéðä. åáùðåú ä70- äôê ìäéåú éå"ø äñåëðåú äéäåãéú. úåê 10 éîéí æåîï îàéø ìôâéùä òí ôðçñ ñôéø æ"ì. äåà ì÷ç àú äñôøéí åäøàä ìñôéø. ñôéø úç÷ø àú îàéø òì òéñå÷éå åòì òáåãúå. ìàçø ëùòä ùì ùéçä, äöéò îàéø ìñôéø "úï ìé äðôù åäøëåù ÷ç ìê". ëìåîø úï ìé àú àçåúé åáú àçåúé, åäøëåù ÷ç ìê. ñôéø äôê àú òåøå, åäçì ìöòå÷ åìàééí òì îàéø ùéáåìò ìå, àí éîùéê ìòùåú áòéåú áðåâò ìøëåù, åìéìãåú äðòãøåú, åìñôøé ä÷åãù. äåà äúééùá òì äëåøñä äîøååçú ùí àú øâìéå òì äùåìçï åäôðä àú îàéø ìîðë"? äñåëðåú øéáìéï. øéáìéï, äúðäâ àì îàéø áâñåú øåç, áäúðùàåú åáæéìæåì, åùéìç àåúå. ìôé îä ùùîòúé îîàéø äééúé ùåìç àãí ëøáìéï ììîåã ðéîåñéï åàéê ìäúðäâ ëàãí ùôåé åëñåçø ááñèä, áàçã äùåå÷éí.
ìéîéí, áçåãù ðéñï ùðú 1992 , äâòúé ìðéçåí àáìéí á÷øééú àåðå ìùáòä ùì äøá ùìîä èáéá ?"?, àáé éãéãúðå éåðä òøåñé. ìðéçåí, äâéòå ñåììä ùì øáðéí. áéðäí, âí çúï äúð"ê äéäåãé äòåìîé, äøá éçéà àìùééê ?"?. äøá ðúá÷ù ìùàú ãøùä. äøá ñéøá, åáé÷ù ìäæîéï àú îùä ðçåí, ìùàú àú äãøùä áî÷åîå: éãòúé îãåò. ëé äåà øàä áé ìåçí ìîòï äöã÷ åäòååì ùðòùä ìòãä äúéîðéú. äñáøúé ìøá ùàðçðå îçåéáéí î÷ãîà ãðï ìëáã ÷åãí ëì àú äøáðéí åøöåé ùéæîéðå øá àçø. äøáðéí ñøáå ìãáø. äøá ì÷ç àú äîé÷øåôåï åàîø, ùîùä ðçåí öåã÷. "îåøéé åøáåúé ôðä äøá àì ä÷äì." ëúåá áúåøä: "åéãáø ä' àì îùä ìàîåø". äðä éà îùä ðçåí, ãáø àì áðé éùøàì åéùîòå." ä÷äì ôøõ áöçå÷ òì çëîúå äîåôìàä ùì äøá. ðùàúé ãøùä úåøðéú áîãòé äéäãåú åääéñèåøéä äéäåãéú. áäîùê, äòìúé àú äòååì ùðòùä ìòãä äúéîðéú, áùéáåù ääéñèåøéä. áâæéìú äéìãéí, äñôøéí åäøëåù. äøá äçæé÷ áéãé åôøõ ááëé ÷åøò ìá, òí îàåú äîðçîéí ùéùáå áàåäì. àú ðåùà äðùéí äðùåàåú äçèåôåú ìà äòæúé ìäòìåú òì ãì ùôúé. îñáéá ìàåäì äòð÷ äéä ÷äì øá, ùòîã áçåõ îçåñø î÷åí. äøá àìùééê äîùéê ìîøø ááëé åäöèòøúé öòø øá ìøàåú éäåãé é÷ø æä ùâéìå ìîòìä îâéì 80, áîöá ëæä. ðùáòúé àæ ìøá, ùìà àù÷åè åìà àðåç, òã àùø àâàì àú ëáåãä åçøôúä ùì äòãä äúéîðéú áúåê äîãéðä åîéçåöä ìä. äøá äéùéø áé îáè åòéðéå äîùéëå ìãîåò. ìôúò äåà àîø, àðé éåãò áãéå÷ àéôä ðîöàéí åðîëøéí ñôøéðå. áðé. ãò ìê." øåçåú àáåúéê ä÷ãåùéí îøçôåú îòìéê. åëì àãí ùéðñä ìôâåò áê àå áàéùéåúê àîåø áìéáê, âåøìå áéãé ùîéí. ò÷åá àçøé ëì àìä ùäðê áèåç ùîðñéí ìçáì áàéùéåúê, åúéååëç àéê äí ðåôìéí îîòîãí äøí åäåôëéí ììòâ åì÷ìñ. úòùä ø÷ ãáø àçã. "äúòìí îäí." ìê àððé ãåàâ. äôçã ùìé äåà îäîçéø ùäòí áéùøàì, éùìí òì àãéùåúå ìñáì äðåøà ùâøîå ìòãä ùìðå. äçøá úåùú òìéðå îùëéððå. øáåú äîùôçåú àùø ééùáå áàáì åáöòø, òì ãí é÷éøéäí, ùééùôê áøçåá. äçøá ú÷èåì áøçåáåú òéø. âáøéí, ðùéí, éìãéí åòåììéí ìàçø îåúé. äúòìîåú òí éùøàì îäáéæä äùåã åäùáø,éðçéúå òìéå àñåðåú ùéìëå åéúòöîå. ñôøéé ìà ðùøôå. éãéòåú áéãðå ùäí ðîëøéí áîçéøéí îôåìôìéí áøçáé äòåìí.

ùðú 1994 á-?"? áðéñï áòøá ôñç, ð÷øàúé ìúååê áéï äøá îùåìí åàðùéå, ìáéï äîùèøä åäîîùìä. àðùé îùåìí æø÷å ìòáø äîùèøä: àí àúí ùåçøé öã÷, úàîøå ìðå àéä éìãé úéîï? øä"î éöç÷ øáéï æ"ì, åùø äîùèøä ãàæ îùä ùçì øàå áñéñîä "àéôä éìãé úéîï?" ñëðä âåøôú ùøöåé îàã ìäúøç÷ îîðä. ùìåùä éîéí ìôðé ëï äúëúùå çñéãé äøá îùåìí òí ÷áìï áðééï ùðéñä ìäëðéñ öéðåø ìîâøù äøá îùåìí áöåøä ùâøîä ðæ÷éí ìáéúå ùì îùåìí. áîùê ùìùä éîéí äîùèøä äúëúùä úòøáä òí àðùé äøá îùåìí. éãé çñéãé îùåìí äééúä òì äòìéåðä. äøá àîø ìàðùé äîùèøä. àí àúí èåòðéí ùàúí éùøéí? àæ úåöéàå àú ëì äîñîëéí åäøëåù ùäòìîúí îéäåãé úéîï. äâòúé ìáðééï ñîåê ìáéúå ùì äøá, ùäéä îå÷ó áîàåú ùåèøéí åîàåú ñ÷øðéí. äîùèøä äúî÷îä áîáðä áéú ä÷ùéù. îøç÷ ùì ë- 80 îèø, åäôëä àåúå ìçãø ôé÷åã. äîùèøä äáäéøä ìé çã åçì÷: àí àúä ðëðñ ìáéúå ùì îùåìí, æä òì àçøéåúê. ëé ìà éäéå ìðå äøáä àôùøåéåú ìùçøø àåúê. äñáøúé ì÷öéðé äîùèøä ùàéìå äéå éåãòéí îé äåà äøá îùåìí? ìà äéå îúðäâéí áîúç ëæä. äçìèúé ìñôø ìäí ñéôåø àðåùé àçã, îçéé äéåí éåí ùì îùåìí. éåí àçã, ÷áìúé èìôåï îàéùä òéååøú åáòì ðëä, ëùòúééí ìôðé ëðéñú çâ øàù äùðä, ùéåîå äùðé âáì, áòøá ùáú. äàéùä äééúä àí ì-8 éìãéí, ùìà äéä ìäí îæåï ìçâ åìùáú. äú÷ùøúé ìàáéðåòí äìåé, àçã îéãéãéé åîçñéãéå ùì äøá. ùàìúéå àí äåà îëéø áòìé çðåéåú, ùéäéå îåëðéí ìúú ìðå îæåï áùòä ëæàú îàåçøú, ëùëì äçðåéåú ëáø ñâåøåú. àáéðåòí äú÷ùø ìø' îùåìí. 20 ã÷åú ìàçø îëï, äøá äâéò ìøçåáåú îéäåã. äðéç áéãé ðúï ìé ùìåù îàåú ù÷ì îæåîï, ëãé ìäéåú ùåúôé áîöåä, åøùéîú áòìé çðåéåú îéãéãéå, ùéñëéîå ìôúåç åìîëåø ìðå îöøëéí. àñôúé àú àáéðåòí ìîëåðéúé, åøëùðå àú äîöøëéí åäáàðå ìîùôçä äðæ÷÷ú. àéê ðùîò ìëí äñéôåø äæä ùàìúé? äùåèøéí ìà äàîéðå ìîùîò àåæðí. ùîòå ðà éãéãéé. ðøàä ìé ùäú÷ùåøú òéååúä ìëí àú àéùéåúå. ÷öéðé äîùèøä äñáéøå ìé, ùàôéìå äøá ÷åøç ñéøá ìäúòøá. áé÷ùúé ùé÷ùøå àåúé àìéå. ùîò ðà éãéãé. ðùîò ÷åìå ùì äøá ÷åøç. "áøåê äáà ìàøõ éùøàì, åáøëú çâ ùîç ìê åìáðé îùôçúê." àìåäéí ùìç àåúê äôòí áæîï äðëåï, åìî÷åí äðëåï. äøá ÷åøç äúðöì ùäåà îøâéù ìà èåá. àçøú äéä áà. ëùùîò äøá îùåìí ùäâòúé, éöà ì÷øàúé òí çñéãéå, åëìé æîø áéãéäí. äí òùå ìé æàôä ( øé÷åã úéîðé îìååä áùéøä, ) åìéååé îëåáã. äí ðéâðå åø÷ãå îàã éôä. úäéúé, îãåò äòéúåðåú îöéâä àåúí ëúîäåðéí åàìéîéí? äøá ÷éáì àåúé áîàåø ôðéí éôåú. öòãðå ìëéååï äáéú. àéùä ì÷çä àú éãé åðùáòä. ìôúò ôøöä ááëé åàîøä ãáø ùäñòéø àåúðå îàã. ãò ìê àãåï îùä ðçåí. îä ùòùå äâåééí ìáðé òîéðå áâåìä, áðé òîéðå òùå ìðå äøáä éåúø âøåò áàøõ. àðé ðùáòú ìê áæàú, ùàðé îåëðä ðôùéú ìä÷øéá àú çéé åàú ùðé áðé äé÷øéí, ëãé ìà ìøàåú àú äåøéé äæ÷ðéí ùøåééí áöòø åáñáì ðåøà ìàåøê ùðåú çééäí. îãéðúðå äéà îãéðä âæòðéú. àéï áä öã÷ åàéï òí îé ìãáø. àí äí çåùáéí ùàðçðå ðéúï ìäí ìäòáéø àú ëì ääùôìä åäù÷ø áù÷è, ðëåðä ìäí äôúòä. âðáå ìé àç åàçåú, ùããå àú ëì àùø äéä ìäåøé. äééðå àðùéí òùéøéí áúéîï. ëàï äåøé òáøå äùôìåú åòáåãåú ãç÷. äåøé ðàìöå ìâãì àåúðå áòåðé, áöòø, åáãåç÷. éù ìé ñéåèéí îäñáì ùì äåøé åîáëééí. äùúãìúé ìäøâéòä. ðúúé ìä ìäáéï, ùëøâò äøá îùåìí ðëðñ ìúîåðä, åäåà éåáéì àú äîàá÷. äøá èôç ìé òì äëúó åëéðä àåúé âéáåø. ùàìúéå îãåò àðé âéáåø? äåà àîø: ëì äéãéãéí, äàìåôéí, åäôåìéèé÷àéí ðøúòå, åäàîéðå ìú÷ùåøú ùàðé îèåøó. éòöúé ìøá ùðæîï ðöéâéí îäîîùìä åäëðñú, ùéáåàå ìáéúå. ðòîéã ìäí àú ãøéùåúéðå ëé äæîï ôåòì ìèåáèúéðå. äåà äñëéí. äú÷ùøðå ìîñôø ç"ë. ôåøæ, ç"ë àìé ãééï, ç"ë øåáé øéáìéï, åòåã îñôø ðëáãéí. áéï äçáåøä äðëáãä, äéä âí òå"ã úéîðé îáøé÷, àøéàì òèøé îéøåùìéí. äåçìè áéùéáä äæàú, ùçä"ë éòìå îéã äöòä, ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä ôøìîðèøéú, ìç÷åø àú äôøùä. ëîå ëï, ìáèì àú ëì äàéùåîéí ðâã îùåìí. ìàçø ùãéååçúé ìøä"î åìùø äîùèøä, äåñëí áéðéðå áò"ô ùäãáø éáåöò. éöàðå àì äîùèøä åäåãòðå ìäí ùäí éëåìéí ììëú äáéúä, áäåøàú øàù äîîùìä åùø äîùèøä. àéçìðå ìäí çâ ùîç åëåìí äúôæøå.
áçåì äîåòã ôñç á÷ùúé îäøá éçéàì ðçåí äìåé, éå"? áéú äîãøù äàøöé ìîìàëú ä÷åãù, åîùàåì ìéáé ñâï øàù äòéø øçåáåú,åìçééí ?'îéì ðëä öä"?, ìâùú àì áéú äøá åìðñåú ìäøâéò àú äøåçåú. áàåúå æîï, äîùèøä ùáøä àú ääñëí åáé÷ùä îîùåìí ìäúìååú àìéäí ìç÷éøä. äøá ñéøá, åàðùéå éöàå àì äîùèøä. äâòúé ìäñëí òí øä"î ùéàôùø ìé ìøëê àú îùåìí. äëðñúé ìñåã äòðééï àú ðùéà àøâåï äñåçøéí äàøöé îø èåáéä ðãá. èåáéä, úéîðé áîåöàå, òùä òáåãä ðôìàä, ëãé ìòæåø ìé ìîöåà ôùøä ùúðéç àú ãòúí ùì äùëðéí, äîùèøä, øä"î, åäøá îùåìí. ñ÷øðéí áðé òãåú ùåðåú ðäøå ìáéúå, îëì øçáé äàøõ. àðùéí äáéàå îæåï åùúééä áëîåéåú îãäéîåú. äôåôåìøéåú ùìå äééúä òöåîä. áå áæîï òøê øùéîú îùôçåú ùðôâòå áæîï äòìééä. áøùéîúå äâéò ìîñôø 4580 îùôçåú ùîäï ðì÷çå éìãéí àçã, ùðééí, åùìåùä. òí äæîï äú÷ùåøú äùçéøä àú äøá åàú ëì äðåùà.
àéê äøâùúé áæàú? âáé âæéú áé÷ù îîðé éåí ùéùé àçã áú÷åôú äàéøåòéí, ìäåôéò áúåëðéú àéøåç ùìå, åìâðåú àú îòùé äøá. àîøúé ìâæéú æàú áåùä åçøôä ùàúä îá÷ù îîðé ëòéúåðàé, ùîçåáúå ìç÷åø àú äàîú, îá÷ù îîðé ìâðåú øá âàåï. åàéù øâéù ìèøâãéä ðåøàä. ôøõ áéðéðå åéëåç òì äúðäâåúå ùì òí éùøàì ìèøâãéä äúéîðéú áëìì, åäúðäâåú àçéðå äàùëðæéí åäòéúåðàéí áôøè. äøé äí àçéðå äéäåãéí äàìä, ùëçå îäø îàã ùäí å÷øåáéäí, òáøå àú ääùôìä äðåøàä äæàú áàéøåôä. àéê éëìå ìùëåç ùäùôéìå àåúí òã òôø? àå àåìé äéä ðåç ìäí ì÷áì àú éìãé úéîï, îæøç åáì÷ï, ëôéöåé òì ñáìí. àúä îðñä àãåï âáé ìðâç àåúé òí äùåàä? ìé àéùéú äùåàä çøåèä áæéëøåðé ëôöò òîå÷. äééúé ëáï 6 ëùäøâùúé àú ëàá äùåàä. äééúä äåøàä îäøáðåú äøàùéú, ìàñåó úéðå÷åú ùì áéú øáï ìáúé ëðñú åì÷áåò 2 éîé öåí åúôéìä, ëì ùðé åçîéùé. âáøéí ðùéí åèó. ðåñó ìöåí, ÷éáìðå îì÷åú áùåè. ëãé ùðáëä ìàìåäéí ùéøçí òì àçéðå åéìãéäí äðøöçéí, áîçðåú ääùîãä áàéøåôä. äëàá äæä ìà îù îæéëøåðé òã òöí äéåí äæä. æëøåðåú äáëé äîì÷åú åääùôìä, ùáéí àìé áùòåú äìéìä. áæîï ùéùáúé åëúáúé ôø÷ æä éùá ìéãé ñð"? ôðñéåðø îîùèøú éùøàì, çðéàì âàæé. äéåú åäåà áï ìîùôçä úéîðéú, äåà ðæëø áëàá äæä ùçååä àåúå âí ëï, ìîøåú ùçìôå 60 ùðä, äãîòåú åäëàá òìå áùðéú. äëàá ùìé äéåí âãåì éåúø, îîä ùàçé áðé úéîï òáøå îäîîñã. ÷éååéúé îàðùé äùîàì, åîçä"ë ùì äùîàì, ùéåöéàå äôâðåú ìøçåá. àå ìôçåú ìäòìåú ùàìúä áëðñú, ëãé ìçùåó àú äàîú. áî÷åí æàú, àúä îá÷ù îîðé ìäåôéò áèìååéæéä, åìäùôéì øá, ùîðñä ìòæåø ìðãëàéí. àúí éåãòéí ìçåù ìòæøú äøåöçéí äôìùúéðéí åäâééñ äçîéùé äòøáé äâøéí áúåëðå, åîðñéí ìäùîéã àåúðå. ììà äôìéä áöáòéí àå áúøáåéåú. îñôé÷ ìäí ùàðçðå ð÷øàéí éäåãéí. àú àçéëí äúéîðéí àúí îìòéèéí á÷åîôìîðèéí ( áãáøé ùáç ) ùàéðí ùååéí àú ÷ìéôú äùåí. åëàéìå îúëååðéí ìäí. ìãòúé, àúí îæìæìéí áäí åîúòìîéí îëàáí åäùôìúí. àúä îæëéø ìé áäúðäâåúëí àú äðòøåú äâåéåú áçå"ì, ä÷åáìåú áàæðé äîðäéâéí äéäåãééí. äï èåòðåú. ùäéäåãé ðäðä ìùëá òí äâåéä, àê ìà ìùàúä ìàéùä. ìöòøé äøá, äåà äöìéç ìùëðò àú çáø äëðñú úà"ì (îéì) âéáåø éùøàì, àáéâãåø ÷äìðé, ìäåôéò áúåëðéú. àðé áèåç ù÷äìðé ìà éãò ùâæéú èîï ìå ôç. ðåñéó áæä áéîéí àìå, áðé äòãåú ùðôâòå îâðéáú äéìãéí ëúåöàä îñéëåîé åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú, çåñîú äúé÷ùåøú àú úâåáåúéäí äðæòîåú ùì áðé äòãåú. àåúé àéùéú äåøéãå áøâò äàçøåï, îùúé äåôòåú áçãùåú äèìååéæéä. åùðéú, äîøàééðéí ìà àåäáéí îøåééàðéí ùðåðéí ùâåáøéí òìéäí. äîøàééðéí ìòéúåðéí éåùáéí àéúê ùòåú åðãîä ìê ùäòáøú îñø. åëùàúä ÷åøà àú äøàéåï, ëåìê îúîìà àëæáä. áòéðé äúé÷ùåøú äéúä, ùåè äàîú. äùåèø äðàîï. ùåîø äöã÷. äéåùø, åèåäø äîéãåú. ëéåí áîáè ìàçåø, ðøàä ìé ùäúé÷ùåøú àéðä éùøä ëì ëê. áôøè, ëùîâééñéí àåúä ìáìáì àú äéåöøåú.
äøá äúáöø ááéúå òí îàåú îçñéãéå. äëðéñä ðàñøä ìëì àãí. åø÷ äçñéãéí äéå îúçìôéí áîùîøåú. áéåí äìëå ìòáåãúí, åáòøá ùáå ìáéú äøá ììéîåã úåøä. òìéé ìöééï ùøåá úìîéãéå, àðùéí çëîéí åîùëéìéí. äéå áéðéäí îåøéí, îçðëéí, èééñé ÷øá, à÷ãîàéí îëì äòãåú. áéï ëì äàðùéí ùæøîå ìáéúå ùì äøá, äëøúé àú îùôçú ôøåôñåø çï ùéôøéñ äðôìàä. äàùä àåøä òùúä òáåãú ÷åãù. ÷ùä îàã ìàîåã àú úøåîúä ìòãä äúéîðéú, åàú îìçîúä ìöã÷ åäòååì ùòùå àðùé äîîñã. ääúðëìåú ìáðä ?"? ðúï äæøéí áä ëåçåú éåúø òöåîéí. äéà àéøâðä îñéáåú òéúåðàéí. ëúáä åùìçä îëúáéí ìçë"?, ìùøéí, åàéùéí áàøõ, åáçå"?. äéà âééñä àú ëì éãéãéä åáðé îùôçúä ùçéì÷å ëøåæéí áøçáé äàøõ. äéà ééùáä áøåá çëîúä àú àé ääáðä áï çä"? ÷äìðé åäøá îùåìí. äòãä äúéîðéú ìãòúé çééáú ìä ëáåã îàåã îàåã âãåì. äéà äåöéàä îëéñä äåï òú÷, ëãé ìòæåø ìòãä, ìøá åìðåùà.
äàá çï, àçã äîãòðéí äáëéøéí áéåúø ùì îëåï ååéöîï. äáï, ã"ø ðúï, òùä òáåãú îç÷ø áðåùà éìãé úéîï, äåà òøê øéùåí ùì ? - 1,700 îùôçåú, ùàéáãå àú éìãéäí. òì äòáåãä äæàú, ìôé äùîåòåú åäîöéàåú, ÷áì ùìåù ùðåú îàñø áî÷åí öì"ù. àáì òì äúøîéú ùì ã"ø ãá ìåéèï åòì îç÷øå, òì 250 éìãéí ðòãøéí, åòåã 15-20 áòãï. åë-20 ðùéí ðùåàåú ùðçèôå îáòìéäï, îôðé ùäéå öòéøåú îãé. åðùåàåú ìâáøéí æ÷ðéí åîáåâøéí, ÷éáì ÷éãåí. ðùàìú äùàìä. äàí àéï äãå÷èåø òáøééï? áôøè ëùìà äúøéò áôðé äøáðåú, òì çèéôú äðùéí, ùìà òáøå àú è÷ñ äâéøåùéï îáòìéäï, åéù çùù ?îîæøåú. äàí àéðå éåãò ùðùéí àìå, äï àñåøåú áðéùåàéï ìàçøéí? äøé ëì éìã ùéååìã ìäï áòúéã, ãéðå àçú. îîæø áúåê ÷äì òí éùøàì. ëúáä òìéå åòì òáåãúå äùìéìéú ùì ?"? ìåéèï, äåôéòä áòéúåï äöåôä áðåáîáø 2001. ìîøåú äèòðä ùäåà ðùåé ìàéùä úéîðéä, îú÷áì äøåùí, ùäåà éëåì ìðôðó áä ëàåúå çæéø ?èåòï ùäåà ëùø, åèäåø ìëì ãáø. ìåéèï ÷éáì ÷éãåí áàåðéáøñéèú áø àéìï åäôê ìäéåú äôåñ÷ áëì òðééðé çèéôåú äéìãéí, äøëåù, åäðùéí äðùåàåú äðòãøåú åäðòìîåú. ñèåãðèéí\? äú÷ùøå àìé ëãé ì÷áì àéðôøåîöéä áðåùà éìãé úéîï äðòãøéí. äñëîúé ìñô÷ ìäí çåîø áðåùà éäåãé úéîï. áøâò ùðåãò äãáø ìã"? ìåéèï, äí ìà ùáå àìé éåúø. äù÷øï äæä ?"? ðåáéì àåúå ìîùôè áæîï ä÷øåá òì äñúøú äôùò. àðé ø÷ î÷ååä ùàåðáøñéèú áø àéìï îáéðä àú äñéëåï ùäéà ìå÷çú òì çéôåé äàîú ?"? ?"? ìåéèï. àéä äöã÷ áîãéðúðå äðàåøä? äëì äìê ìôé äúåëðéú. äðä ãåâîä ìëéñåé äôùò.
áãáøé éîé äëðñú (â' ) ?ðåáîáø 49, äåãéò áï âåøéåï, ùéìãé úéîï îúéí ëæáåáéí. àó àçã ìà äòìä áãòúå ìùàåì, äàí äéúä îâôä? àå àåìé äøòìä îëååðú? àå àåìé äåëùå ?"? ðçùéí ò÷øáéí åîæé÷éí àçøéí? îú÷áì äøåùí ùæàú äéúä äëðä ðôìàä, ìúçéìú äôùò äîåñëí. ùááåà äéåí, éåëìå úîéã ìèòåï, ùäéìãéí ðôèøå. ìîøåú ùàðçðå éåãòéí áååãàåú, ùøåá äéìãéí çééí. àúï îñôø ãåâîàåú ìèòðåú ùì àðùé äîîñã äçåèôéí, ùëáéëåì äéìãéí äéå çåìéí ?îúå áæîï ùàðå éåãòéí áåãàåú ùäí ðçèôå åðòìîå áøàéí åùìîéí.
äãåâîà äøàùåðä ðúúé îùôçú ñòéã. äùðééä. îîùôçú ÷åøç åçåáøä. ?-3 îùôçú àìùééê. îùôçú îòèåó îîåùá áø÷ú ëéåí. éôú îñôø: äééðå áîçðä òéï ùîø áú÷åôú äòìééä. ìéôú îòèåó äéúä àçåú ëáú 3 ùðéí. éåí ùéùé àçã, ðëååúä àçåúé ùîñéä ÷ìåú îîéí çîéí, áéãä åáøâìä. ääåøéí ðúá÷ùå ò"é äàçåú åäøåôà äúåøðéí áîøôàä, ì÷çú àú äéìãä ãçåó ìáéä"ç öøéôéï ìáãé÷ä. ääåøéí ðúá÷ùå ìäùàéø àú äéìãä ìùéùé-ùáú ìáãé÷åú, áçãø äîéåï. äåáèç ìäåøéí ùáéåí øàùåï ááå÷ø, éåëìå ì÷çú àú äéìãä äáéúä. áéåí øàùåï äâéòå ääåøéí ìáéä"ç òí äáï éôú , ùäéä ÷ùåø ìàçåúå áðéîé ðôùå. äí ðúáùøå ëé äáú áøéàä, åäåòáøä îçãø äîéåï, ìîçì÷ä àçøú. äí ôðå ìîçì÷ä äàçøú, ùðùìçå àìéä. åîîçì÷ä äàçøú, ìîçì÷ä àçøú. åëï äìàä. ìàçø ùáò ùòåú ùì èøèåøéí îöøéó ìöøéó, åîîçì÷ä ìîçì÷ä, àîøå ìäí ìáñåó ùäáú ðôèøä áéåí ùáú , åð÷áøä áå áéåí. äîùôçä ùàìä. àéê éëåìúí ì÷áåø àú äéìãä áùáú ììà øùåúðå? åáðéâåã ìäìëä. ëúùåáä, ùåìçå áëåç äçåöä. ìùàìúí "àí ÷áøúí, àéä ä÷áø?" úùåáä îùëðòú äí ìà ÷éáìå, åø÷ ðãçôå ùðéú áëåç åáâñåú äçåöä, îáéä"ç. îùôçú îòèåó ôðúä ìîùèøä åìëì îùøãé äîîùìä. äòìééä åä÷ìéèä. äñåëðåú äéäåãéú. åéö"å. åáúé äçåìéí äùåðéí áøçáé äàøõ, ùéçôùå àú áúí ùîñ'éä, àå àú ÷áøä. äîùèøä äáèéçä ìèôì áòðééï. çøó ëì ôðéåú äîùôçä, ìà æëå ìúùåáä òã äéåí äæä. çîéùéí ùðéí çìôå ìäï ììà úåöàåú. àöøó äòú÷ îîëúá ù÷éáìúé îäàãåï äðëáã éôú îòèåó, áå äåà ëåúá òì úåöàåú åòãú äç÷éøä åìëì äîëåúáéí.

áñ"ã ä' áëñìå äúùñ"á

ìëáåã îø îùä ÷öá, ðùéà îãéðú éùøàì, 20.11.2001
äðãåï: úìåðä áúé÷ îñ' 395/95, ùîñé'ä áú òååã åðåø îòèåó.
áøöåðé ìäòîéã àú äãáøéí òì ãéå÷í áòðééï äúìåðä ùäâùúé. ìäìï äôéøåè:
1. äâùúé ìååòãä îñîê òì úàøéê òìééúðå àøöä á- 25.8.50- åëï òì âéìä ùì àçåúé ùîñ'éä. îàéï ?öàä äåòãä àú äùí "ùøä îòèåó" ùðôèøä áäéåúä áú 6 ùðéí, áå áæîï ùàçåúé äéúä áú 3 ùðéí. ëéöã ðåñôå ìä 3 ùðéí?
2. áñòéó 3 – àéúøä äåòãä éåîï ðúéçåú ùì áéú äçåìéí öøéôéï. áéåí ä27.11.61- áùòä 12:20, âí ôä öåéï äùí "ùøä îòèåó" áú ä -7-, âí ëàï äçéùåá àéðå ðëåï. ìà äùí, åìà äâéì /áñòéó æä ðåñôå ìä 4 ùðéí.
3. áñòéó 5 – áéåîï ä÷áåøä áøàùì"ö, îãåáø áùí "ùøä", åìà "ùîñ'éä", ëàùø äéà ëáú 6 ùðéí ëùð÷áøä. âí áñòéó æä. äâéì åäùí àéðí ðëåðéí. äëéöã âãìä úåê éåîééí, á -3- ùðéí?
4. áîñ÷ðåú äåòãä öåééï, ùäéà ðôèøä áéåí ä- 26.1.51- "åæàú ëùìåùä ùáåòåú ìàçø òìéééúðå àøöä. àéê ééúëï ìëúåá ãáøé äáì ëàìä? äìà àðå òìéðå àøöä áéåí ä- 25.8.50- åáéåîï äðúéçåú áöøéôéï öåééï 27.11.51 åáéåîï ôèéøåú áøçåáåú öåééï, 26.1.51 – ëì äúàøéëéí àéï ìäí ëì çùéáåú. åàãí îùëéì éáéï, ùäåòãä "ôéáø÷ä" àú äëì ëøöåðä, ììà èéôä îåñøéú åäâéåðéú. äìà îàæ òìéðå àøöä åòã ùðåúçä, òáøå ë5- çåãùéí åìà 3 ùáåòåú ëôé ùöééðä äåòãä äðëáãä.
5. îñéáåú åðéîå÷éí àùø àôøè, àðé îáèì îëì åëì àú ëì îñ÷ðåú äåòãä äðëáãä.
1. ìôé ãáøé îùôèðéí åòøëé ãéï ùðåòöðå áäí, äç÷éøä äéúä ùèçéú åìãòúé, îñ÷ðåúéäí äðí ãáøé ëæá îéñåãí.
2. áé÷ùðå îáéú äçåìéí áöøéôéï áéåí øàùåï ä28.6.51- àú äâåôä, àí àëï äéà ðôèøä. àîøðå ìäí ùàéï ìäí øùåú ì÷áåø àú áúðå áàîú äáðééï.
3. áéåí ä- 29.6.51- äâùðå úìåðä áîùèøú øçåáåú åìîðäì äñåëðåú ùäéä áîòáøú "æøðåâä" (÷øééú îùä), åàîøå ìðå ùäí éèôìå áäçæøú áúðå ìçé÷ äîùôçä, ëé àðå áèåçéí ùäéà ìà ðôèøä åòã äéåí àðå îçëéí ìä (ëðøàä äéà çéä ìä áàøõ àçøú). àðå îçëéí ìúùåáú ùåîøé äçå÷.
4. äâùðå ìåòãä öéìåí îúòåãú òåìä òì äùí "ùîñ'éä" åëï àú äòåáãä ùäéà äéúä áú 3 ùðéí.
5. àðå ùåîøé úåøä åîöååú òåã î÷ãîà ãðà åéåãòéí àú ëì ãéðé ä÷áåøä åòùå îàéúðå áåøéí åòîé àøöåú áäìëåú ÷áåøä. æä àåîø "ãøùðé".
6. äåòãä äðëáãä ìà öééðä áîñ÷ðåúéä àú çì÷ú ä÷áø áøàùì"ö, åìëï àðå çééáéí ì÷áì àú î÷åí ä÷áåøä åìòøåê áãé÷åú áäúàí, æàú òì îðú ìäñéø ëì ñô÷ ìâáé ôèéøúä ùì àçåúé.

ìàåø ëì äàîåø ìòéì, àðå îáèìéí, ãåçéí, åìà î÷áìéí àú îñ÷ðåú äåòãä äðëáãä, òã ùéøàå ìðå àú ä÷áø – ìôé äçå÷. ááøëä îòèåó éôú, îåùá áø÷ú 24

äòú÷éí îäîëúá ðùìçå: ìøäî"ù àøéàì ùøåï, ìðùéà áéäî"ù äòìéåï ôøåô' àäøåï áø÷, ìã"ø îùä ðçåí ðùéà äôãøöéä äòåìîéú ìéäãåú úéîï åçáø ä÷åðâøñ äéäåãé äòåìîé. îø"ï äøá òåáãéä éåñó, éå"ø äëðñú àáøäí áåøâ, ùø äîùôèéí îàéø ùèøéú, ùø äôðéí àìé éùé, éå"ø åòãú äòìééä åä÷ìéèä ç"ë öáé äðãì, éå"ø åòãú äòáåãä åäøååçä ç"ë ãåã èì, éå"ø åòãú äôðéí ùì äëðñú ç"ë îùä âôðé, åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú øç' äìì 37 éøåùìéí.

áùì äøòù åäîäåîåú ù÷îå ò"é äøá îùåìí áòéø éäåã, ùåøáá ùîé áú÷ùåøú ëîúååê, áéï äøá îùåìí åøä"?. éåí àçã. éôú îòèåó äæîéï àåúé ìäøöàä áòøá úøáåú ìðùéí, áàåìí ùäëéì ëçîù îàåú ðùéí, áîåùá áø÷ú åçì÷ îäï äâéòå îàæåø îåãéòéï. áéï äééúø ëãé ìùîåò òì áòééú äøá îùåìí åîä âåãì äàñåï. òí ñéåí ãáøé, ðùàìå ùàìåú øáåú ìãòúé òì äîöá áéäåã. òðéúé, ùàðé òåùä äëì, ëãé ìòæåø ìðåùà äëàåá äæä, åìäáéàå ìéãé ôúøåï. éöàúé îäàåìí áäøâùä øòä îàåã, áøàåúé ðùéí îáåâøåú åáðåúéäï äöòéøåú äîîøøåú ááëé, åòéðéäï ãåîòåú. àîøúé ìàãí äðôìà äæä éôú, ùàðçðå çééáéí ìùàåó ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú. áàåúå æîï îùåìí äâéù òúéøä ìáéú äîùôè äáéðìàåîé ìôùòéí çîåøéí áäàâ ùáäåìðã. åáæ'ðáä ùáùååéöøéä. ëîå ëï, ùìç îëúáéí ìàå"í, ìñèééè-ãéôøèîðè, åìáéú äìáï ùáàøä"?. äöòúé ìø' îùåìí ùáéðúééí ?ùìç îëúá ø÷ ìäàâ, òã ùðøàä îä éúôúç ááâ"õ ùàðé îâéù, ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú. òúøúé ìáâ"? ?- 1994. 6. 7 áôñ÷ ãéï ùì ëáåã äùåôèéí, çùéï, àåø,åäâá" ùèøñáøâ ëäï. äùåôèéí ÷áòå áôñ÷ ãéðí. ùàéðí éëåìéí ìäúòìí îäëàá ùäöâúé áôðéäí åäí îá÷ùéí îîðé ìäúàæø áñáìðåú ìôçåú 3 çåãùéí òã ùåòãú ùìâé úñééí àú ç÷éøúä. åàí îîöàé åòãú ùìâé ìà éîöàå çï áòéððå, åøä"? ìà é÷éí åòãú ç÷éøä, àæé ôúåçä áôðé äãøê ìòúåø ùðéú ìáâ"?. åäí éåøå òì ä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú. ìàçø ùòúééí åçöé ùì ãéåï, îç÷å àú òúéøúé. äùåôèéí äùàéøå àú äòúéøä ôúåçä ìùìåùä çåãùéí. àðùé äøá îùåìí åçì÷ îä÷äì ùìà äáéðå àú ôñ÷ äãéï åäðéöçåï. äúçéìå ìöòå÷ ìòáø äùåôèéí á÷åìåú öåøîéí. èééçéí ù÷øðéí åòåã. òìé ìöééï ùðéöçåï æä, áà ìðå, äåãåú ìäù÷òä ùì òå"? øîé ùîàøé. å÷öú òæøä îòå"? îðçí æøñ÷é, åäøáä ìøòù ùéöø äøá îùåìí áòéø éäåã.
áùéçúé òí äøá îùåìí,ðúçðå àú òáåãúï ùì ùúé äåòãåú ä÷åãîú ùì áäìåì åùìâé. áùðú 66' äå÷îä åòãú áãé÷ä áøùåú áäìåì-îéð÷åáñ÷é, ùåôè åòå"? áãéîåñ, å÷öéï îùèøä ùòùå äëåì ëãé ìèùèù åìù÷ø. äåòãä âéìúä, ìèòðúí, 342 ðòãøéí. áãå"ç äñåôé ùì äåòãä äúáøø, ìôé ãáøéäí, ëé 316 éìãéí ðôèøå, 4 àåîöå å-22- òãééï ðòãøéí. îàåçø éåúø, äúáøø ìðå áúåëðéú "îáè ùðé" áùðú 86', áèìåéæéä äéùøàìéú, ëé ùúé îùôçåú úéîðéåú îöàå àú éìãéäï îúåê äàøáòä ùàåîöå. ìâáé éúø äðòãøéí äú÷ùø àãí ùäæãää ëøàù òéøééú òúìéú ãàæ åèòï, ù-22- äéìãéí äðòãøéí ÷áåøéí á÷áø àçéí àöìå áòúìéú. ëì çéôåùéðå àçø ÷áø äàçéí äæä, àå àçøé øàù äòéø, òìå áúåäå. äçìèðå ùàðçðå äåìëéí ìòúåø ìáâ"õ. ðñòúé ìîçøú òí àáéðåòí åòí òåä"ã ùîåàì ìðöø, àçã îéãéãéå ùì îùåìí. äåà ééòõ ìðå ùðéñò ìòå"ã àîðåï æëøåðé. æéëøåðé ÷áì àåúðå áçåí, åáñáø ôðéí éôåú. ìàçø ùéçä àøåëä, äåà äú÷ùø ìàåøé àáðøé, çä"ë ìùòáø, åòåøê òéúåï äòåìí äæä, ùâéìä áàîöò ùðåú äçîéùéí, ( 50') ùéìãé úéîï ðîëøå ìàøä"á, àéøåôä å÷ðãä, áîçéø ùì 5,000 ãåìø ìéìã. ëéåí ëúåöàä îîç÷øé, àðé îçæé÷ ëúáä îä"ðéå-éåø÷ èééîñ, ùáúàøéê ä- 14.2.1954- âéìéúé, ùùðé ñåçøéí éäåãéí ðúôñå òí ùìåùä îéìéåï ãåìø áùãä äúòåôä ãøååì ùá÷ðãä, îîëéøú éìãéí îäàøõ. àâá, îùëåøúå ùì ôåòì áàåúä ú÷åôä, äééúä áï 8 ì 10 ãåìø ìùáåò. æëøåðé ùàì àú àáðøé äàí äåà îåãò ìîúøçù áéäåã? åáàí ëãàé ìå, ì÷çú òì òöîå àú úé÷ éìãé úéîï. àáðøé äåãä ùäåà îåãò ìîàåøòåú äàçøåðéí. åàîø, ù"ìäáéà àú äòðééï ìáéî"ù äòìéåï éòìä ëñó øá, àáì àí äúéîðé ä÷øç î÷ðãä, éòúåø àéùéú ìáâ"õ, äåà. ëçáø ä÷åðâøñ äéäåãé äòåìîé, åëðùéà äôãøöéä äòåìîéú ùì éäãåú úéîï, äñéëåééí ùìå ìæëåú òí éåòöéí îùôèééí áùí äîùôçåú, âãåìä éåúø ìæëåú áôñ÷ ãéï, ìôé çå÷é áéú äîùôè äáéðìàåîé ìôùòéí çîåøéí 28 B- ìçå÷ îðãìä. àï ñô÷, ùäàéùéåú äîéåçãú ùìå úøúéò àú äîîùìä åàôéìå àú äñðéâåøéä ùì äîîùìä. åàæ äúéîðéí éæëå ñåó ñåó ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú. äåà îëéø àú äçåîø èåá îîê ëáï äòãä. ìê, éé÷ç æîï øá ììîåã àú äðåùà. åäòðééï àéðå ôùåè ëì ëê. ëé øá äðñúø îäâìåé. åëì øàù îîùìä áòáø, áäååä åàåìé âí áòúéã, éúðâã ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú. æéëøåðé àîø ìàáðøé ùàðé ðîöà áîùøãå. ùìåí ìê îùä. æëåø, éù òáåãä øáä ìôðéê. äîîñã ìà éàôùø ìê á÷ìåú ìæëåú. àê àðé ñåîê òìéê áôøè ìàçø ùùîòúé àú äøöàúê ááéú äàáì ùì... æëøåðé ééòõ ìé ì÷çú îãâí ùì òùø îùôçåú, ìäçúéí àåúï åìòúåø áùîï ìáâ"õ. äåà ñéøá ì÷çú úùìåí òáåø äééòåõ ùàøê ? – 4 ùòåú.
ðñòúé òí àáéðåòí ìäçúéí òùø îùôçåú. äééúé æ÷å÷ ìçúéîú òå"?. àáéðåòí ì÷ç àåúé ìéáðä ìòå"? àìé áï âåø. äòå"? äî÷ñéí äæä, òùä àú çúéîú 9 äðùéí áù÷é÷ä åáèåá ìá, áçéðí. ðåúøä ø÷ áòéä àçú. îä òåùéí òí ñòéãä ñøé. äçìèðå ùäåìëéí ìáéú îùôè äùìåí áøçåáåú. åùí àðé àîöà àéæä ùäåà òå"?. åìîæìé äèåá äëøúé àú òå"? øîé ãîàøé. øîé äñúëì òì äá÷ùåú, å÷áò. àí áøöåðê ìäöìéç, øöåé ùúáåà àìé ìîùøã. åîàåúå øâò ìà îùúé îîðå áîùê çåãùééí òã ùäëéï àåúé ìòîéãä áôðé äáâ"? äîôåøñí. äçìèúé ùàðé îúçéì ááâ'? áñéôåø ùì
ñòéãä ñéøé. åæä ñéôåøä: éìãúé áï. åàçøé 3 çåãùéí, äàçåú áé÷ùä îîðé ì÷çú àåúå ìèéôú çìá ìáãé÷ä ùéâøúéú. ì÷çúé àú äúéðå÷ åàú áðé îùä, ùäéä ëáï ùìåù åçöé, åäìëðå ìèéôú çìá. îñøúé àú äúéðå÷ ìøåôà åäàçåú, åðúá÷ùúé ìäîúéï áçåõ. ìàçø ëùòúééí ùì äîúðä, ðòöøä îëåðéú îã"à (àîáåìðñ) åîúåëå éøãå ùðé âáøúðéí öòéøéí. äí ðúðå ìé îëä áøàù, çèôå àú îùä åðñòå. ì÷ç ìé îñôø ã÷åú ìäúàåùù. äúçìúé ìöòå÷ "äöéìå, äöéìå", àê àéù ìà áà ìòæøúé. ãô÷úé áãìúå ùì äøåôà åàçøé îñôø ã÷åú ðôúçä äãìú. "ìîä àðé òåùä øòù?" ðùàìúé. àîøúé ìäí ùçèôå ìé àú äéìã. "àéæä éìã?" àîøúé "àú îùä". àîøå ùìà ùîòå åìà øàå. ùàìúé "àéôä äéìã áï ?-3 çåãùéí ùðúúé ìëí?" äí òðå ùìà ðúúé ìäí ùåí éìã. äúçìúé ìöòå÷ åìáëåú åìà òæø ãáø. äìëúé ìîùèøä åñéôøúé ìäí àú äî÷øä. äí äáèéçå ùéç÷øå àú äòéðééï, àê ìà ùîòúé îäí òã äéåí." áï äùìù åçöé ðîöà çé. åáå ðùúîù ëäåëçä. ëì ùàø úùò äîùôçåú ñéôåøï ãåîä. äî÷øä äøàùåï. ?- 1 îù' òåáãéä ñòéã. ?- 2 îù' äøá ÷åøç. ?-3. îù' çåáøä. ?-4. ñòéãä ñéøé. ?-5. ãåã ùå÷ø. ?6. îù' çúåëä ( öåáøé.) ?-7 . îù' åàùãé. ?-8. îù' åééñ. ?- 9 îù'. ÷øååä. ?- 10. îù' ãåã. ? – 11 îùôçú éôú îòèåó. àìä äï äãåâîàåú òì äéòìîåú äéìãéí. áðåñó ìèøâãééú äîùôçåú ùîäï ðòìîå ðùéí ðùåàåú, åøëåù é÷ø òøê ùú÷øàå òì æä áäîùê äôø÷.
ãåã ùå÷ø ðúá÷ù ìäáéà àú áúå áú ä- 2 ìáãé÷ä. äåà ùîò òì çèéôåú äéìãéí åäçìéè ùäåà åøòééúå, éùîøå òìéä áîùîøåú. áäéñç äãòú ùäùéçå àú ãòúä ùì äàí, ðòìîä äéìãä. äáòì äàùéí àú àùúå áäæðçú äéìãä. äøéá áéï äáòì ìàéùä âáø, ðàîø ìå ááéú äçåìéí, ùäéìãä îúä. äåà ìà äàîéï åéöà ?çéôù àåúä áëì øçáé äàøõ. äøéá áï äáòì ìàéùä âáø åäí ðàìöå ìäúâøù. ëùðëðñúé ìúîåðä, ùàìúé àåúå ùàìä áðàìéú åëåàáú. îä éäéä àí àîöà àåúä åäéà ìà úøöä ìäéçùó, àå ìäëéø áëí. úùåáúå äéúä éöå÷ä ëñìò. ìà çùåá ìé, äòé÷ø ùäéà úãò ùìà ðèùðå àåúä, åìà ôñ÷ðå ìçôù àåúä. åáøàù îòééðéé ìîöåà àåúä. ëé àðé áèåç, ùäéà çéä. äîîñã èåòï ùäéìãä îúä åàðé éåãò ùäéà çééä. äåãåú ìäúòøáåúå ùì òå"ã æøç øåæðáìåí îú"à, ùäâéù áâ"õ ðâã îùøã äòáåãä åäøååçä äîîåðéí òì ôúéçú úé÷é äàéîåõ, ñô÷ àí äééðå îåöàéí àåúä. îùøã äøååçä ðàìöå ìôúåç àú úé÷ äàéîåõ. äôâéùä áîùøãå ùì øåæðáìåí áï äàá, äáï ( äàç ) åäðòãøú, äéúä ëì ëê îùîçú, ù÷ùä ìúú áéèåé ìùéîçä, ìæòí åìëòñ. àê ?"? äéìãä (îøéí) òãéðä, ðîöàä. 3 ùðéí ì÷ç ìé ìùëðò àåúä åìäúçðï áôðéä ùúåàéì ìäçùó ìú÷ùåøú. äéà ñøáä ìôâåò áàáéä äîàîõ, ùùëá òì òøù ãååéé. áìéú áøéøä ð÷èúé áùéèä ÷öú îúåçëîú. éåí àçã ì÷çúé éãéãä ðôìàä áùí æåäøä öåáøé, ìáéú îùôçú çúåëä ùèôìúé ááòééú äòìîåú àçéä. æåäøä, äéúä àçøé èøâãéä ðåøàä. äéà àéáãä 2 éìãéí áçåøé çîã áúàåðú ãøëéí òì àåôðåò, áäôøù æîï ùì 5 çåãùéí. ëãé ìðçí àåúä, ðñòúé àéúä ìîùøãé çáøä ÷ãéùà, åìáúé òìîéï ùåðéí, ëãé ìçôù àú ÷áø àçéä ááúé òìîéï. ä÷áø ðîöà áñâåìä, àáì øé÷. äñéáåáéí àéúä äéå, ëãé ìäåöéà àåúä ÷åãí ëì, îäàñåï òì àåáãï áðéä ?"?. åàú äåøéä, îäãéëàåï òì çèéôú äéìã åäøëåù. ÷áòúé ôâéùä òí òãéðä åá÷ùúé àú òæøúä ìðñåú ìòæåø ìé ìðñåú ìðçí àú æåäøä, ùàéáãä 2 éìãéí áúàåðä. òãéðä äñëéîä ùðáåà ìáéúä. áàåúä äéæãîðåú äòìéðå àú ðåùà äéòìîåú àçéä ùì æåäøä åëîä ùäåøéä ùøåééí áãéëàåï, ?- 45 ùðä. ìàçø ëì ëê äøáä ãîòåú åæéëøåðåú ÷ùéí, äöìçðå ìùëðò àåúä ìäçùó ìú÷ùåøú. áúðàé, ùìà úéçùó æäåúä. ëãé ìà ìâøåí öòø ìàáéä äîàîõ. àú äøàéåï ìúåëðéú äèìåéæéä ÷ééîðå ááéúé, îàçåøé åéìåï. îçåáúé ìäåãåú ìàìåäéí ùòæø ìðå ìäáéà äøáä àåùø ìãåã ùå÷ø, åìáéúå òãéðä. úåãúéðå ðúåðä î÷øá ìá ìòå"? æøç øåæðáìåí, òì òãåúå áôðé åòãú äç÷éøä. òì àöéìåú äðôù ùìå. òì òãåúå äðôìàä åöéèåèéå îäúôéìä ùì éîéí ðåøàéí, áôðé åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú òì òãéðä, åòì òáåãúå äáøåëä. àú ëì äòáåãä òùä çéðí. ééùø ëç. áîôâù áéï äàí äîàîöú ìãåã ùå÷ø, äîàîöú äéúä ëì ëê ðáåëä åëåòñú, òì ëì äù÷øéí ùîåëøé äéìãä àå çåèôéä äìòéèå àåúä áñéôåø ùääåøéí ðôèøå, åäéà îîù òåùä èåáä áàéîåöä.
çåõ îäî÷øä äð"ì, àáéà ãåâîà éåúø îåçùéú åëåàáú. áùðú 85', òîãä àéùä úéîðéä ìéã úçðú àåèåáåñ, áôéðú äøçåáåú àøìåæøåá, åàáï âáéøåì. ìôúò äâéò âáø ìúçðä. äàéùä øàúä àåúå åäúòìôä. äáçåø òöø îëåðéú, åì÷ç àú äàéùä ìáéú çåìéí àéëéìåá. ááéä"ç, ðúá÷ù äáçåø ìäùàéø àú ôøèéå. ëùäúòåøøä äàéùä, áé÷ùä ìäú÷ùø ìáúä, àéìðä. äáú äâéòä ìáéú äçåìéí. äàí àîøä ìáúä øàéúé àú àçéê äðòãø áúçðú äàåèåáåñ. àéìðä äú÷ùøä àìé, åìîæìä äééúé áéùøàì. ìàçø éåîééí, ðñòúé ìáéúä ùì àéìðä. ùí ôâùúé àú ëì äîùôçä äðôìàä. äáòì ùì àéìðä äéä öééø áçñã òìéåï, äåà äöéâ áôðé öéåøéí òð÷ééí áâåãì ùì 3 òì 4 îèøéí, áöáòéí îøäéáé òéï îääéñèåøéä åäãú äéäåãéú. äëøúé àú äàí äéôéôééä åùàìúé? îä âåøí ìê ìäéåú ëì áèåçä ùæä áðê? äéà èòðä ùøâù äàí ìòåìí ìà éèòä àåúä òì ôøé áèðä. áðåñó ìãîéåï ùìå ìàéìðä éù ìå ëúí ìéãä. ðñòúé ìáéú äçåìéí, åáé÷ùúé àú îñôø äèìôåï ùì äáçåø, ëãé ìäåãåú ìå. ÷áìúé àú îñôø äèìôåï, åäú÷ùøúé àìéå. äåà éãò îé àðé ìàåø äëúáåú áòéúåðéí. áàåúä ú÷åôä òøëå äòéúåðàéåú éäåãéú éçæ÷àìé, øé÷ä áø÷åáéõ øåú îâã åâá' ôéùîï, ñãøú ëúáåú òìé åòì áé÷åøéé áúéîï åáîãéðåú òøá. äæîðúé àú øé÷ä åàú éäåãéú ìäöèøó àìéé, ìñéåø îòðééï. äï äöèøôå áùîçä. ìôðé ùòæáúé àú äáéú, ÷áìúé ùéçú èìôåï îîùôçú åàùãé, îùëåðú äú÷ååä, ìáåà àìéäí ãçåó áéåúø. äâòúé òí ùúé äòéúåðàéåú äðëáãåú ÷åãí ìîùôçú åàùãé. øàéðå æåâ úéîðéí ðàéí ìäôìéà òí òéðééí öáòåðéåú, åáú ñèåãðèéú ðàä. äæåâ ñéôø ìðå ùðçèôå ìäí áï åáú. ëúåöàä îäáëé òì çèéôú äéìãéí, àéáãå àú îàåø òéðéäí. ñéôåøí ðâò ììáéðå ùáëéðå éçã àéúí. îùí äîùëðå åàñôðå àú àéìðä åééñ îúì àáéá, åðñòðå ìëôø ñáà, î÷åí îâåøéå ùì äáçåø. äú÷áìðå ááøëä. äñ÷øðåú áéï àéìðä åäáçåø äééúä âãåìä åîãäéîä. äí ìà éëìå ìäôñé÷ ìäúáåðï àçã áùðé. äãîéåï áéðéäí äéä ëì ëê îôúéò, ùìà äùàéø ùåí ñô÷ ùäí àç åàçåú. ìáñåó äñáøðå ìå ùäí àçéí. äëì äéä ðçîã. äáèçðå ìùîåø àú äòðééï áñåã. äåà áà ìá÷ø àú àéîå äáéåìåâéú ááéúä ùì àéìðä. á÷ùúé îàéìðä ìîöåà ìîòðé àú äôøèéí ùìå áîùøã äôðéí, äéåú åàéìðä òáãä ùí. äéà âéìúä áååãàåú ùäåà àçéä ìôé îñôøé úòåãåú äæäåú. äúáøø îòì ìëì ñô÷ ùäí àçéí. ëùðåãò äòðééï ìàéîå äîàîöú, äéà ä÷éîä ùòøåøééä åùé÷øä, ùäéà ëáéëåì éìãä àåúå ááé"ç îàéø áëôø ñáà. áç÷éøúéðå, ìà ðîöà ùåí øéùåí ááéä"ç òì äìéãä. àéîå äîàîöú äëøéçä àåúå ìðú÷ ëì ÷ùø òí äîùôçä äáéåìåâéú. äòðéï ðåãò ìúé÷ùåøú åäëì äñúáê. ëùàéìðä äåôéòä áòøá çãù åçùôä àú äîñîëéí åäúøîéú, äéà ôåèøä îéã îòáåãúä. àéîä ðôèøä îöòø áàåúä ùðä. åìáñåó äöèòøúé ìùîåò, ùòáøä èøâãéä ðåñôú. âéøåùéï. äîçéø äéä îàã ÷ùä. îñôø ùðéí ìàçø îëï áé÷øúé àåúä òí äòéúåðàéú ùåù îéîåï î"éãéòåú àçøåðåú", àê àéìðä ñéøáä ìãáø åìäéæëø áôøùä äòâåîä. áøöåðé ìúú çùéôä åãåâîàåú ðåñôåú ìùéèä ùáä äòìéîå àú äéìãéí îîçðåú äòåìéí. äðä îñôø ãåâîàåú ìùéèä ëéöã äòìéîå àú äéìãéí. áîçðåú ä÷ìéèä ùì äòåìéí òáãå îñôø ðäâéí. áéðéäí, ùðé ðäâéí úéîðéí îøçåáåú: éòáõ îãäìä, åéäåãä ìåé ?"?. ëì àçã îäí ÷éáì îäîøôàåú îñôø éìãéí òí äøéùåí ùìäí. ìåé ÷éáì îñôø úéðå÷åú ùùééëéí ìîçðä øàù äòéï, åøùéîú äåøéí ùîúâåøøéí áîçðä òéï ùîø. äåà ðñò ìîçðä òéï ùîø òí äéìãéí ùùééëéí ìîçðä øàù äòéï, å÷øà ìäåøéí äîúâåøøéí áîçðä òéï ùîø ìôé äøùéîä ùáéãå, ùéáåàå ìæäåú àú äéìãéí. ääåøéí äú÷áöå, äñúëìå òì äéìãéí, åàîøå àìä ìà ùìðå. îãäìä ÷éáì îñôø éìãéí ùùéëéí ìîçðä òéï ùîø, åøùéîä ùì äåøéí äîúâåøøéí áîçðä øàù äòéï. äåà ÷øà ìäåøéí ìôé äøùéîä ìáåà ìæäåú àú äéìãéí ááðééï äîøôàä áøà äòéï. ääåøéí äâéòå, äñúëìå òì äéìãéí åèòðå "àìä ìà éìãéí ùìðå". ùðé äðäâéí ìà éãòå ùøåîå ?"? äøåôàéí åäàçéåú ùòùå ìäí äöâú ùååà áàåúä ú÷åôä. àú æàú òùå îùøã äáøéàåú, áçñåú äîîñã. ëãé ùááåà äéåí éèòðå, ùäúéîðéí ñøáå ìáåà åì÷çú àú äéìãéí ùìäí. ëê èòðå àðùé äîîñã áôðé åòãåú äç÷éøåú. ðåëçúé áéåí ç÷éøúä ùì äàçåú äøàùéú çáøú ÷éáåõ òéï ùîø, ùäéúä îîåðä òì îçðä äòåìéí òéï ùîø ñåðéä îéìùèééï, áôðé åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú. äéà èòðä ù÷éáìä äåøàä îäîîåðéí òìéä ìàñåó àú ëì äéìãéí, ìäåöéà àåúí îçé÷ àéîåúéäí áëì ãøê àôùøéú àôéìå áëç, ìôé äåøàú éåñó èì, åìùìåç àåúí ìî÷åîåú àéñåó áçáéìåú. ëùðùàìä ò"é àçã äùåôèéí äîëåáãéí. "äàí ùìçú àåúí áöåøä áä ùåìçéí çáéìåú ëáéñä? "äéà òðúä "îùäå ëæä". äúôìàúé îàåã ùåòãú äç÷éøä ìà æéîðä àú äîùèøä ëãé ìòöåø àåúä åìç÷åø àåúä úçú àæäøä. ìòåîú æàú, äéà ùåìçä äáéúä áëáåã îìëéí. ëùäáàúé àú äñéôåø áôðé éãéãúé äèåáä, ç"ë ðòîé áìåîðèì, éå"ø åòãú äòìééä åä÷ìéèä áëðñú, åñéôøúé ìä òì ëì äôùòéí ùðòùå áîçðåú äòåìéí ìòãä äúéîðéú, äéà áé÷ùä îîðé ìúàí éùéáä ãçåôä òí äîæëéøåú ùìä. ìôðé ëï ÷áòúé ìä áé÷åø àöì òåìä çãù ùðôâò áúàåðú ãøëéí åçáøú äáéèåç îñøáú ìäëéø áå åäà îñøá ì÷çú îäí àú îä ùäöéòå ìå. ðôâùúé òí ååéìîä îàåø îðäìú ååòãú äòìééä åä÷ìéèä. åöéôé âìòãé äîæëéøä. ëùñéôøúé ìäï áîä îãåáø, äï äéå îæåòæòåú òã òî÷é ðùîúï. äï ÷áòå ìé îéã úàøéê ìéùéáä øàùåðä. ðúúé ìäï øùéîä ùì ëì äòåñ÷éí áðåùà éìãé úéîï. ëîå ëï áé÷ùúé ùéæîðå àú ëì ðöéâé äîîñã: äîîùìä, äîùèøä, îùøã äáøéàåú, îùøã äîùôèéí, îùøã äôðéí, îùøã äòáåãä åäøååçä åòåã. áååòãä ðùîòå ñéôåøéí îæòæòéí, îáðé äîùôçåú. äúáøø ùäðééøú ùäéúä áçéæ÷ú äîùôçåú ëâåï úòåãú òåìä, ìéãä, ôèéøä å÷áåøä, åëéåöà áæä, ðì÷çå îáðé äîéùôçåú ëùáàå ìäúìåðï áîùèøä. äú÷ùåøú, ëäøâìä, ìà îöàä î÷åí ìçùåó àú äèøâãéä äðåøàä. ø÷ áéùéáä äøáéòéú, áçåãù ðåáîáø 2001, ìàçø äôòìú ìçöéí ùì éå"ø äåòãä, çä"ë öáé äðãì, äåôéòä äú÷ùåøú. ëì ðöéâé äîîñã áãéåï, ìà àîøå àîú åùé÷øå áòæåú îöç. áîéåçã ôøåô' éäåãä äéñ, ùäôøéê áù÷øéí àú áãé÷ú äãé-àï-àéé äøàùåðä ùì öéìä ìåéï îñ÷øîðèå ùáàøä"á, åàéîä îøâìéú òåîééñé îøîú âï.ùùðé øåôàéí áùí ?"? çèéá åôøåôñåø ôøéãîï ñâðå ùì äéñ, áã÷å å÷áòå ùáãé÷ú äãé àï àéé äí123, 99 àçåæ ùäîîöàéí îåëéçéí, ùäï àí åáú. äáãé÷ä äùðééä ùðòùúä ?"? ôøåôñåø äéñ, äáéàä îîöàéí ù÷øééí. ùëáéëåì, àéï ëì ÷ùø áéðéäï. äúðâãúé ðîøöåú ìáãé÷ä äæàú. éãòúé ùäîîöàéí éäéå ùé÷øééí, ëãé ìáìáì àú ä÷äì. áðôéìä äæàú, àðé îàùéí àê åø÷ àú òå"? øîé öåáøé åàú äååòãä äöéáåøéú ùáøàùä òåîã éâàì éåñó, ùäøù ìöåáøé ìàôùø àú äáãé÷ä åìà ùòä ìàæäøåúéé. áäñøú äúðâãåúå áôðé åòãú äç÷éøä, ðâøí ìðå ðæ÷ øá. öåáøé øàä òöîå îåáéì ìàåîé ùì áðé äòãä åäúìáù òì äú÷ùåøú òí îñôø éãéãéí åäðæ÷éí äîùéëå ìäúøçá. èáòé äãáø ùäéñ éãò ùéù áéãå òå"? öòéø ùàéðå îáéï áéï éîéðå ìùîàìå. ìëï ìà ðåúøä ìé ùåí ãøê àçøú, ø÷ ìçùåó àú îòììéå åìîëåø àåúå ìú÷ùåøú ëñåçø çì÷é àãí. äéñ ìà äúáééù ìèòåï îàåçø éåúø ùäáãé÷ä äøàùåðä, ðòùúä áùéèú áãé÷ú ãé-àï-àéé ùì áäîåú. ìà ø÷ æàú, áøåá çåöôúå, ùìç àú äîîöàéí ìâáøú òåîééñé áîåðéú ìáéúä ììà ùåí àæäøä. ëàáä ùì äàéùä ùçéëúä çîéùéí ùðä ìîöåà àú áúä, æåòæòä ?"? ù÷øï îðååì, ùáòéðé äåà çñø úøáåú åøâù. äöäøúå âøîä àðãøìîåñéä åáìáåì îåç, áúåê òí éùøàì, åáúåãòä äöéáåøéú áðåùà äçèéôåú. äñáì ùì äòãä äúéîðéú åòåâîú äðôù ùðâøîä ìáðé äòãä, äáéàå ìëê ùäàîåï áîîñã åáîòøëú äîùôè ðøîñ. èòðúé áôðé åòãú äòìééä áëðñú, ùäéñ ù÷øï, çñø àçøéåú, ?ñåçø áçì÷é àãí áîëåï äôúìåâé. äáèçúé ìå ùàãâ ìëê, ùäåà éåòîã ìîùôè ááéú îùôè äáðìàåîé ìôùòéí çîåøéí. äú÷ùåøú çùôä àú îòììéå. äåà ðçùó áòéúåðåú, åáëúáú "éåîï äùáåò" òì îòììéå. áéðåàø 2002, ðçùôä ôøùä ðåñôú ùäàùéîä àåúå áñçø çì÷é çééìéí äøåâéí. æòí øá ðåöø áöä"? åáîòøëú äáéèçåï òì ôøåôñåø äéñ åòì îëåï äôúåìåâé áàáå ëáéø, áùì ôøùú äàéáøéí ùäåöàå îâåôåú çééìéí äøåâéí ììà éãéòú äåøéäí åñçø áäí ììà ëì îöôåï. àúòëá òì îñôø î÷øéí îæòæòéí, ùáäí ùéúôúé àú äòéúåðàéú éäåãéú éçæ÷àì, îòéúåï "éãéòåú àçøåðåú". äéà äéúä äéçéãä îëì äòéúåðàéí, ùäéä ìä àú äøâù, äëåç åäàåîõ, ìáãå÷ àú ðåùà äéòìîåú äðùéí äðùåàåú åäøëåù. áúçéìä äéà äñúëìä òìé ëúéîäåðé, ëäåæä, åëìà ðåøîìé. äéåú åòå"ã áùí ?.? øçåáåúé ðåëì, àùø äøñ àú úãîéúí ùì òå"? áëìì, åîùôèðéí áôøè. äåà ôéæø òìéé ù÷øéí ëéã äãîéåï åä÷ðàä äçåìðéú ùìå. äåà ÷éðà ìé îùçø ðòåøéðå. äçëí îëì àãí àîø, "ëåøä áåø, áä éôåì". áàåúí òéúåðéí òøéí åáî÷åí, ùáäí ðéñä ìçáì áàéùéåúé, áàåúí òéúåðéí äúôøñîå ëúáåú òìéå åòì îòììéå. áùðé äòéúåðéí, ðëúáå òìéå ëúáåú îæòæòåú. áúé äîùôè, äå÷éòå àåúå ëù÷øï, åìà àîéï ëòåøê ãéï. äåà äâéò ìãøâä ëæàú ùîìîãéí ñèåãðèéí áàåðáøñéèä áô÷åìèä ìîùôèéí àú ôñ÷é äãéï ùéèåú äúçîðåú ùìå, ëãé ìà ìäéëùì áäï. àìåäéí òãé. îòåìí ìà ôâòúé áå, àå áàãí äî÷åøá àìéå. äåà äáéà àú ðöéá ùéøåú äîãéðä ?. ? ?. ùäéä áæîðå ìòéøðå. ëãé ìçæ÷ åìùëðò àú äçáøéí áøçåáåú ùäðöéá ëáéëåì äåà àáé äîåñã, åùëì ñåãåú äîãéðä ðúåðéí áéãå. ðæëøúé áãáøé äøá àìùééê ?"? ùàîø ìé. "áðé. æëåø. ëì îé ùéðñä ìôâåò áê, äúáåðï áðôéìúå." ìà äéä ìé ùåí ñô÷ ùéãå ùì äòå"? äééúä áîòì. åìöòøé øàéúé áðôéìúå. áéîéí àìä äåà éåòîã ìîùôè äøñðé. äéåí áîáè ìàçåø àðé éåãò áåãàåú ùäîîñã äùúîù áîñôø òñ÷ðéí úéîðéí ëãé ùéùîéöå àåúé åìòøòø àú àéîåï áðé äòãä áé. äáðúé æàú ø÷ ìàçø ùùðé øàùé îåòöåú ùì áðé òé"? å÷øééú ò÷øåï ðôìå îëéñàí. àéùéú àðé îåëï ìñìåç ìäí àí éá÷ùå ñìéçä, åéáéðå ùæøéòú ìùåï äøò çéáìä ø÷ áàéùéåúí. éäåãéú àæøä àåîõ åðñòä àéúé ìøàééï çì÷ îäîùôçåú áøçáé äàøõ. ñåã äöìçúé ëðøàä äéà äñéåò ìðæ÷÷éí åäòðééí ùìäí éù éìãéí øëéí ùæ÷å÷éí ìëåñ çìá åôøåñú ìçí. ëúáúä ùì éäåãéú, äúôøñîä áéãéòåú àçøåðåú áîåñó "7 éîéí", áúàøéê 25.8.2000, áçåãù àá äúùñ"?. ìöòøé, ëúáúä ùì éäåãéú äúî÷ãä áùèåéåú ùì àçã äâáøéí ùäúâòâò ìì÷÷ àú àéùúå îàùø ìëàá éìãä áú 6 ùðéí ùäééúä áåøçú îäáéú áòøáé éåí ùéùé ìéòø çãøä åöåò÷ú ááëé ìàéîä ùúáåà äáéúä, áæîï ùàáéä äéä ááéú äëðñú. äú÷ùåøú îöàä ìðëåï ìäáìéè ëúáä òì ãâéí îúéí, îàùø òì àðùéí çééí, ùñåáìéí 50 ùðä ( äðä ääåëçåú åäòãåéåú òì çèéôú äðùéí.)
î÷øä øàùåï: òåáãéä îìéçé òìä àøöä áùðú 1949 òí àéùúå ùäééúä ëáú ùáò òùøä åçöé (17.5) áçåãù äùîéðé ìäøéåðä ìîçðä øàù äòéï. ðòøä éôéôééä ìëì äãòåú. áéåí áäéø àçã øöä òåáãéä ìôð÷ àú àéùúå áîçðä ä÷ìéèä. äåà áé÷ù îîðä ìäîúéï ìå áàäì, áæîï ùéìê ìäáéà ìä, àú àøåçú äöäøéí. áùåáå ìàåäì ìàçø ëòùøéí ã÷åú òí äàåëì, ìà îöà àú àéùúå. äåà ùàì àú ùëðéå äéëï àéùúé? àîøå ìå ùøåôàéí åàçéåú áàå åì÷çå àåúä àéúí. îàæ ðòìîå ò÷áåúéä.ùðéí ìà ôñ÷ îìçôù àåúä. äåà ìà ÷éáì úòåãú ôèéøä àå çì÷ú ÷áø àå úòåãú âéøåùéï. áî÷øä ùì îìéçé àùúå äééúä îáåâøú îîðå áùðúééí. äåà ðàìõ ìùàú àéùä ùðéú. îìéçé äòéã áôðé åòãú äòìééä åä÷ìéèä, åáôðé åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú, ùäáãì äâéìàéí áéðéäí äéä ùðúééí, áðéâåã ìèòðú ã"ø ìåéèï, ùðùéí öòéøåú ùäéå ðùåàåú ìæ÷ðéí, åäí ðàìöå ìäáøéç àåúï îäáòìéí.
î÷øä ùðé, îùôçú ãåã äúâåøøå áùëåðú ÷øééú äéúä áçåãù äùîéðé ìäøéåðä. îëéðä àú àøåçú äöäøéí äøåôàéí åäàçéåú áé÷ùå îäàéùä ìäöèøó àìéäí. äáòì åäáï øçîéí, ùäéä ëáï 12 åçöé, ùàìå ìñéáú îùä áøçåáåú, áùðú 1950. àîáåìðñ åáå øåôàéí åàçéåú,, äâéò ìáéúí áöåäøé äéåí. äàéùä,. äðñéòä? äøåôàéí èòðå ùæåäé áãé÷ä ùâøúéú áùì ääøéåï. äîùôçä ñéøáä ìúú ìä ìðñåò àéúí ìáã. äøåôàéí äöéòå âí ìäí ìäöèøó. äí äâéòå ìáé"ç. øçîéí åàáéå ðúá÷ùå ìäîúéï áçåõ. ìàçø ëòùøéí ã÷åú äí ùîòå àú äàí öåò÷ú áùîåú äáòì åäáï, "éùåòä, øçîéí". äí ÷åùøéí àåúé åãå÷øéí àåúé.äàá åäáï çùå ìòæøúä. àê äãìúåú äéå ðòåìåú. äí ãô÷å áëì äãìúåú ëãé ùéôúçå ìäí, àê ìà ðòðå. äí ôøöå àú àçú äãìúåú åäçìå ìäú÷åèè òí äøåôàéí. áàåúå æîï äâéòä äîùèøä åòöøä àåúí. äí éùáå éåîééí áîòöø áîùèøú øçåáåú. áéåí äùìéùé ùåçøøå, åðñòå ìáéä"ç. äí äúâðáå ôðéîä åçéôùå áçãøé äçåìéí òã àùø îöàå àú äàéùä. çåìä ðåñôú ùäéúä áçãø ñéôøä ìäí, ùðåìãä ìäí áðéúåç ÷éñøé, áú éôéôééä. äàéùä ùëáä îðåúçú åîåøãîú. æøåòåúéä ôøåùåú ìöããéí, å÷ùåøåú ìáøæìé ãôðåú äîéèä, ëùäï úôåøåú îëôåú äéãééí îùðé äöããéí òã ìëúôééí, åäúôøéí ðîùëå ìàåøê äçæä åäáèï. äàá åáðå æò÷å ááëé îø. ëùäáçéðå áäí äøåôàéí, æø÷å àåúí áëåç îï äçãø. äí äâéòå ìáéúí áöåäøé äéåí. áùòú áéï äòøáééí òöø èðãø áôúç áéúí ëùòì äèðãø ëìé çôéøä åâåôú äàéùä. äàá åáðå ðúá÷ùå ìòìåú áù÷è ìèðãø, åðñòå ìáéú äòìîéï áøçåáåú. äí ðúá÷ùå ìçôåø àú ä÷áø áòöîí. äâåôä äåøãä ìúåê ä÷áø. ëîðäâ äéäåãéí, öøéëéí ìùéí òôø áòéðé äîú. ëùôúç äáòì àú äúëøéëéí áñëéï ùäéä áëéñå, äæãòæò ìîøàä òéðéå. äàéùä äéúä ììà òéðééí. ëùäåà ÷øò àú äúëøéëéí îòì âåôä, äæãòæò òåã éåúø. äâåó äéä îìà ñîøèåèéí, áî÷åí äàéáøéí äôðéîééí. äí äìëå ìáéúí åéùáå ùáòä. ìàçø äùáòä äìëå åäúìåððå áîùèøä. áìäè äøâùåú ä÷éîå æò÷åú åàó àçã ìà øöä ìä÷ùéá ìäí. ìòåîú æàú, äí äåëå îëåú ðîøöåú, ùäôëå àú øçîéí ìðëä. äáòì ìà ñééí àú ùðúå åîú îöòø.éçñ äîîñã ëìôéå äëðéñå àåúå ìãéëàåï ìîñôø çåãùéí åðôèø. øçîéí âãì éúåí. äàí äéúä áú 36, åáòìä áï 40 ëùðì÷çä îáéúä áöåäøé äéåí. ëùðåãò ìé ñéôåø äîùôçä ìà éãòúé îðåç.ëùðéñéúé ìãåáá àú øçîéí, ÷ùä äéä ìäùúìè òì øâùåúéå.äæéëøåðåú äéå ÷ùéí îàã ìùåîò. äåà äúòìó îñôø ôòîéí ò÷á äæéëøåðåú åäáëé. ì÷ç ìé æîï ìòåãã àåúå åìçæ÷ àåúå ìôðé ùäçìèúé ìçùåó àú ñéôåøå ìú÷ùåøú. äéçéãåú ùäéå îåëðåú ìòùåú çùéôä äï âìéú âðãìîï åàéøéñ òåøëú òøåõ 3 áëáìéí.
î÷øä ùìéùé ùì îùôçú îøçåí áú îùôçúä îøòððä îñôøú. éåí àçã äâéòå àìéðå øåôà åàçåú, åá÷ùå îãåãúé æåäøä ùäééúä ëáú 30, åáòìä áï 33, éôéôééä åáäéøä, ìäúìååú àìéäí. ìùàìú àîé "îãåò?" àîøå ùæä ø÷ áãé÷åú ùâøúéåú. äí ì÷çå àåúä àéúí ìçéôä. ëùìà ùáä äáéúä àçøé éåîééí, ðñòðå ìçéôä. âéìéðå àåúä øãåîä åîðåúçú. ìùàìúðå "îãåò ðåúçä?" èòðå äøåôàéí ùäéä ìä èéôåñ. àê éúëï ùäééúä çåìä? äøé àðçðå âøéí éçã åìà ùîòðå îîðä òì ëàá àå îçìä. äøåôàéí äáèéçå ùúåê éåîééí-ùìåùä ðåëì ì÷çú àåúä äáéúä. ùìåùä éîéí ìàçø æàú ùáðå ìáéú çåìéí, åäîéèä øé÷ä. ùàìðå "àéä æåäøä?" àîøå ùðôèøä, "åàéôä äâåôä?" ëáø ÷áøðå àåúä. ëùìà äôñ÷ðå ìùàåì, âéøùå àåúðå áëåç. ìà ÷éáìðå âåôä, ìà úòåãú ôèéøä, ìà çì÷ú ÷áø - ùåí ãáø. äàãîä áìòä àåúä. ëì åòãåú äç÷éøä ùé÷øå àçú éåúø îäùðéä. îàæ ùãåãúé ðòìîä àîé éùáä åäúàáìä òìéä òã éåí îåúä. äúðäâåú äøåôàéí, äàçéåú ,äîîñã, äîùèøä åäîùøãéí äîîùìúééí äñúëìå òìéðå ëîå îèåîèîéí. äí äùàéøå áðå ëúí ùçåø áìá. äí æøòå ùéðàä áéï òí äîæøç åáéï äàùëðæéí. äâéò äæîï ìçùåó àú äàîú áëì îçéø. àí ìà úäéä ìðå áøéøä ðöà ìòåìí äâãåì ðâã øöåðå ùì ?"? îùä ðçåí äé÷ø ìðå îëì, ðôâéï åðùáåú ìôðé áðééï äàå"? äáéú äìáï åáî÷åîåú àçøéí. ëãé ùäåòìí éòæåø ìðå.
î÷øä ùìéùé ùì îùôçú ÷øååä - àîå ùì øçîéí ðì÷çä ìáéú çåìéí ëùäéä áï ùðä ìáãé÷åú ùâøúéåú á"àñó äøåôà". äáòì éùá ìéãä îãé éåí áéåîå îáå÷ø òã ùòä îàåçøú áìéìä. éåí àçã ìàçø ùáåòééí, äáòì äåôéò ëîðäâå åäîéèä øé÷ä. ìùàìúå "àéä àéùúé?" òðå äøåôàéí ùàéï ìäí îåùâ òì îä äåà îãáø. ìàçø ùä÷éí öò÷åú âéøùå àåúå òí îùèøä ìéîéí äåà øöä ìäúçúï àê äøáðåú àñøå òìéå ëéååï ùèòðå ùäåà ðùåé. àçøé èøèåøéí øáéí àéôùøå ìå ìùàú àéùä, áúðàé ùéçúåí ùàéùúå ðôèøä. ùðä ìàçø îëï ëøòä äàéùä ììãú. åäðä äáï ùðåìã ðòìí. îîöàé åòãú äç÷éøä æéòæòå àú îùôçú ÷øååä. àöøó àú îëúáí àìé åìîëåúáéí äáàéí.
ä' îøçùååï úùñ"á
ìëáåã ðùéà áéäî"ù äòìéåï, ôøåô' àäøåï áø÷ 21.11.2001
ä äðãåï: úé÷ îñ' ãù1802 , éùøàì ÷øååä
ëáåã ùåôè, àãåðé äðëáã,
ùîé àéìðä îìîã, áú ìîùôçú ÷øååä. àçé äðòìí éùøàì äéä ëáï ùðä åçöé, éìã ùåáá ùàäá ì÷ôåõ òì äîéèåú. äøåôàéí àîøå ìàéîé ùäéä ìéìã çåí åùäéà úé÷ç àåúå îéã ìáéä"ç ìáãé÷åú. àéîé áúîéîåúä îñøä ìäí àú äéìã, åîàåúå äøâò ùàéîé îñøä àú äéìã, ìà øàúä àåúå éåúø. äéìã ùàéîå ì÷çä áäåøàú äøåôàéí åäàçéåú äéä éìã ùåáá ù÷ôõ áìé äøó òì äîéèåú, åäéä ÷ùä ìäùúìè òìéå.
îîöàé åòãú äç÷éøä ìåèéí áòøôì. àéï áäí ùåí ãáø ùì àîú. îñøðå éìã áï ùðä åçöé, áøéà, åäí èåòðéí ùäéä áï ùîåðä çåãùéí. àîøðå ùäéìã ùåáá åäí èåòðéí ùäéä îùåú÷. äùëðéí éòéãå ëîä ùäéìã äéä áøéà, îìà çééí å÷ì úðåòä. îîöàé åòãú äç÷éøä äåñéôå ìðå ëàá òì ëàá. äëàá äøàùåï ùàáé àéáã àú àùúå äøàùåðä ùäéúä áú 19 åìä áï, áï ùðä. àùúå ùì àáé (çîîä) éåðä àåùôæä ììà ùåí ñéáä åäåà éùá ìéãä ëùáåòééí îãé éåí áéåîå îáå÷ø åòã òøá, ùåçç àéúä ëùäéà áäëøä îìàä, îôöçéí áåèðéí, öåç÷éí, åäéà ìà îáéðä îãåò îçæé÷éí àåúä ááéä"ç. éåí àçã, ëîãé éåí áéåîå, àáé áà ìá÷øä åäîéèä øé÷ä. ìùàìúå "àéä àéùúé?" àîøå ìå ùìà äéúä àéùä ëæàú áçãø äæä. àí ìà äéúä àéùä ëæàú, îé éìãä àú àçéðå øçîéí, áðä, äåà àçéðå îàá àê ìà îàí.
àðé îåãéòä áæàú ùàí ìà ð÷áì úùåáä äîðéçä àú äãòú, ìà úòæåø ùåí äúðâãåú ùì ã"ø îùä ðçåí åäôãøöéä äòåìîéú ìîðåò àú éöéàúðå ìäôâðåú åùáéúåú øòá, åìôúéçú îàá÷ îùôèé áçå"ì.
ðåñéó áæä òùøåú îùôçåú äîúàøâðåú áàæåøðå, äøåàåú áîîöàé åòãú äç÷éøä äùôìä ìàéðèìéâðöéä äàðåùéú. áðåñó ìç÷éøú äàîú ùì äú÷ùåøú, îàåú îùôçåú îøçáé äàøõ îúçéìåú ìéöåø àú ä÷ùø òí áðé îùôçåúéäï äâøéí áçå"ì ëãé ìàøâï àú ääôâðä åùáéúåú äøòá áàøä"á åáøçáé àéøåôä. éäãåú úéîï úöà ìòåìí äâãåì, ðôøåù àú äàîú áôðé äòåìí, åáéú äöã÷ ùìðå éòîåã ìîùôè. îöôä ìúùåáä áîäéøåú äàôùøéú,
ááøëä, ääåøéí, äàçéí åäàçéåú ìîùôçú ÷øååä,
àéìðä îìîã (÷øååä), ðôúìé áï àôøééí 6/9, øçåáåú"

äòú÷éí: ëáåã ðùéà äîãéðä îø îùä ÷öá, øäî"ù àøéàì ùøåï, ã"ø îùä ðçåí ðùéà äôãøöéä äòåìîéú ìéäãåú úéîï åçáø ä÷åðâøñ äéäåãé äòåìîé, éå"ø äëðñú àáøäí áåøâ, éå"ø åòãú äòìééä åä÷ìéèä ç"ë öáé äðãì, ùø äîùôèéí îàéø ùèøéú, ùø äôðéí àìé éùé, îø"ï äøá òåáãéä éåñó, éå"ø åòãú äòáåãä åäøååçä ç"ë ãåã èì, éå"ø åòãú äôðéí ùì äëðñú ç"ë îùä âôðé, åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú øç' äìì 37 éøåùìéí.

î÷øä øáéòé ùì îùôçú òøàñé äîúâåøøú áîåùá àìéëéï áòî÷ çôø. äîùôçä òìúä àøöä áùðú 1949, éåñó ëáï 20 åàùúå, ÷öéòä, ëáú 18, åìäí áú, îæì, áú ùðúééí, åáï, áï 3 ùáåòåú. îùãä äúòåôä áìåã. äí ðì÷çå ìîçðä àåäìéí áôøãñéä. ëùäâéòå ìîçðä, éåñó äøâéù îòè ìà èåá, åðì÷ç ìáãé÷åú áàåäì äøôåàä. àùúå, ÷öéòä, ôøöä ááëé åäúçððä ùìà éòæåá àåúä. ëé éîéí îñôø ìôðé ëï ðøöç éò÷á ñàìí ?'øôé, ëùøãó ìäöéì àú áéúå îéãé çåèôéä. åëì òåìä äøâéù ùçéå äôëå ìäéåú äô÷ø. áîéåçã ëùìàçø äøöç äùåîø äîùéê ìòáåã. "àðé äééúé çñø àåðéí, åèòðúé ùäí ìå÷çéí àåúé áëåç. îøàä äáëé ùì àùúé çøåú áæéëøåðé. äåøéé áàå ìá÷ø àåúé òí áúé, îæì, äééúé îàçåøé ñåøâ åáøéç, åìà àéôùøå ìäåøéé ìäéëðñ ìá÷ø àåúé. ùàìúé àú äåøé àééä àùúé. äúùåáä äéúä äúôøöåú ááëé. äéà ðòìîä éçã òí äáï. ääåøéí èòðå ùøåôàéí åàçéåú äâéòå ìàåäì, åì÷çå àú äàéîà åäáï. äâòúé ìîçðä åçéôùúé àú àùúé áëì äàæåø. ááúé çåìéí, áîåñãåú öéáåøééí, áîåùáéí, á÷éáåöéí, åàó àãí ìà ðúï ìé úùåáä ìàï ðòìîä àùúé. äéä ùí ùåîø úéîðé, ÷øàå ìå îùä. äåà ðúï ìé çîéùä âøåùéí åàîø ìé ìðñåò ìáï âåøéåï åìåîø ìå ùçèôå àú àùúé åàú áðé. äìëúé áøâì îôøãñéä, ìéã áéú ìéã, òã äúçðä äîøëæéú áúì àáéá. äéä æä éåí âùåí åñåòø. ëùäâòúé ìúçðä äîøëæéú, ìàçø ùòåú øáåú ùàìúé àéôä éåùá áï âåøéåï. ëéååðå àåúé ìøçåá àìðáé, ùí ùëï áðééï äîîùìä. àîøúé ìùåîøéí ùàðé øåöä ìøàåú àú øåä"î äéåú ùçèôå àú àùúé åàú äéìã. äí øàå ùàðé øèåá åøéçîå òìéé. äîúðúé ëùòä áîñãøåï, áåëä åîúçðï. áï âåøéåï ùîò ùéùðä îäåîä åéöà îîùøãå. äåà äëðéñ àåúé ìîùøãå, äøâéò àåúé åäëéï ìé áòöîå ëåñ úä çí. "àðé øåàä ùàúä úéîðé", ôúç áï âåøéåï áãáøéå, "äàí àúä îøåöä îàøõ éùøàì?" òðéúé "áøåê äùí åúåãä ìùåàì". äåà ùàì îä ÷øä, åñéôøúé ìå ùäééúé ááé"ç ìîñôø éîéí åëùçæøúé äáéúä, àùúé ðòìîä òí äúéðå÷. áï âåøéåï ùîò àåúé, åãô÷ òì äùåìçï áëòñ. äåà äøéí èìôåï ìîùøã ëìùäå åöò÷ òìéäí: "àúí ùìçúí àðùéí àìé, åàúí àçøàéí ìîä ù÷åøä." áï âåøéåï ðúï ìé çîéùä âøåùéí ëãé ùàçæåø ìîçðä, åöééã àåúé áàåëì. áï âåøéåï áé÷ù ùàöà ìîçøú òí äîãøéëéí ëãé ìçôù àú àùúé åäéìã. ðñòúé áàåèåáåñ òã ìôøãñéä, åîùí äìëúé òã ìîçðä áâùí. äâòúé ìàåäì øèåá, çåìä åîáåäì, àáì ãáøé áï âåøéåï ÷öú äøâéòå àåúé. ìîçøú ááå÷ø ð÷øàúé ìîùøã îðäì äîçðä,. äîðäìéí öøçå òìéé "îé äøùä ìê ììëú ìáï âåøéåï?". äùáúé "àðé äøùéúé ìòöîé". äí äòìå àåúé ìâ'éô òí àøáòä îìååéí, åäðäâ ì÷ç àåúðå ìîùèøú ðúðéä. àîøúé ìîùèøä ùæå äåøàä ùì áï âåøéåï, åäðä äîëúá ùàðé øùàé ìçôù áëì áúé äçåìéí, áëì îéèä åáëì çãø. òáøúé áëì áúé äçåìéí áàøõ, ìà äúáééùúé ìäøéí ëì ñãéï åùîéëä ùëéñå àú ôðé äçåìéí. àú àùúé åàú äéìã ìà îöàúé".
ëùðùàìå éåñó òøàñé åáúå, îæì, àí äí ëåòñéí òì äîîùìä åòì äîùèøä åòì îé ùäí øåàéí ëàùîéí ?"? äòéúåðàéú éçæ÷àìé, äàá äùéá. ìà àëôú ìé ùàéáãðå àú ëì äøëåù ùäô÷ãðå áéãé àðùé äòìééä áòãï. åìà æëéðå ì÷áì àåúå. åçééðå áãåç÷ áòåðé åáöòø. àáì àëôú ìé îàåã îæä, ùàùúé åáðé àéðí àéúé. ìàéùä àðé ðåúï ëì ùðä àùëáä, äéåú ùàðé áñô÷ àí äéà çéä àå îúä. àí äééúä çééä äééúä îåöàú àåúðå. òì äáï ùìé àðé ðåúï "îé ùáéøê" ëé àðé áèåç ùäåà çé." äáú, îæì, ùäéúä îæåòæòú îääúøâùåú ùì àáéä, ôøöä ááëé åñçôä àåúðå ìáëåú àéúä. äéà ñéôøä ìðå áäúøâùåú, ùáéîé ùéùé, ëùàáéä äéä äåìê ìáéú äëðñú, äéà äéúä áåøçú îäáéú ìéòøåú çãøä ëéìãä áú ùù, åöåò÷ú "àéîà, àéîà" åáåëä. àåìé àéîä úøçí òìéä åúùîò àåúä åúáåà äáéúä. "äéà ëì ëê çñøä ìé", àîøä. "ìîøåú ùàðé îúâåøøú äéåí á÷øééú ùîåðä, ðñòúé éåí àçã ì÷áø ùááéú äòìîéï "÷øééú ùàåì" áôúç ú÷ååä, äéåú ù÷éáìðå îëúá îåòãú äç÷éøåú åáå ðàîø ùàéîé ðôèøä ááéä"ç öøéôéï á- 20.9.49, åäåáàä ì÷áåøä ááéú äòìîéï "÷øééú ùàåì" áâåù 4, àæåø 1, ùåøä 12, ÷áø îñ' 5, úòåãú ôèéøä îñ' 181/49. àú äîëúá ÷éáìðå ò"é ÷öéï îùèøä é. ñôøï, øá-ô÷ã, øàù îãåø øéùåí ôìéìé, áúùåáä ìôðééúðå ìîùèøä îä- 2.8.68. ìà àðé åìà àáé äàîðå. ìà ìåòãä, åìà ìîùèøä. äéúä ìé çáøä ùòáãä áåòãú ùìâé áùðú 88'. áé÷ùúé îîðä ùúáãå÷ ìé ìôé îñôøé úòåãú äæäåú ùì àéîé åàçé. äéà âéìúä ùäí çéå áéùøàì òã ùðú 1964 åàçø ëê òæáå àú äàøõ. ôðéúé ìçå÷ø òîé çåáá, ùç÷ø àú ðåùà éìãé úéîï îèòí åòãú ùìâé, åäåà èòï ùàéîé ðôèøä ááé"ç ãâ'àðé áéôå áâìì îçìä çùåëú îøôà. ùàìúé àåúå "îãåò ìà àîøå ìðå ùäéà ðîöàú ùí åðôèøä? îãåò ìà äåãéòå ìðå òì îåúä?". áé÷ùúé ìáåà ìîùøãå ìøàåú àú äúé÷ òì àéîé åàçé. äåà ñéøá áúå÷ó. åàñø òìéé ìáåà àìéå ìøàåú àú äîñîëéí. åùìà àòéæ ìäèøéã àåúå éåúø áèìôåï, àå ìôðåú ìúé÷ùåøú. ìáñåó èòï àí àîùéê ìòùåú öøåú éáåìò ìé. ìãòúé òîé çåáá äåà îåùçú åçåáä ìäòîéã àåúå ìîùôè. ôâéùú òøàñé òí áï âåøéåï, äæëéøä àú ääéëøåú ùäéúä ìé òí áï âåøéåï, ìàåøê äùðéí. åàú äùéçåú ùäéä ìé àéúå áàåúä ú÷åôä. ðäâå åéåòöå äéä ãåã áùàøé îîåùá èéøú ùìåí.ãåã äéä îöòéã àú áï âåøéåï ?-6 ?"? ôòîééí áéåí. ääòøöä ùìé ìáï âåøéåï äéúä îéåçãú áîéðä. äéãéãåú áéðéðå äúçæ÷ä, ìàçø ëì îôâù áú÷åôä ùùîøðå òìéå áùãä áå÷ø áùðú 55. áùðú 56 áçåø úéîðé ðëä öäì ùðôâò áàçã ä÷øáåú, äøâéù îîåøîø åæðåç, òì éãé îùøã äáéèçåï. äåøéå ùîòå òì ÷ùøé òí øä"? ?"? ?"?, åá÷ùå ùàñééò ìäí. äéåú åëì ôðéåúéäí ìîåñãåú, òìå áúåäå. á÷ùúé îääåøéí ùéáéàå àú äáï äðëä ìùãøåú ÷øï ÷ééîú áú"?, áéåí 9 áàá, òí ñéãåøé úôéìä åùåôøåú. òøá ìôðé ëï, ìðúé àöì ñáé äîðåç áúì àáéá. ìîçøú ááå÷ø, äìëúé ìá÷ø àú øä"?. äùåèøéí ùäëéøå àåúé, àîøå ìâá' ôåìä ?"? ùàðé ìéã äùòø. ðúá÷ùúé ìäëðñ. ìàçø îñôø ã÷åú äéà áé÷ùä îäòåæøú äúéîðéä âá' òîøðé ùúëéï ìé ùúééä çîä. ìàçø ëùòä äúôðä ?"? åùîç îàã ùáàúé ìáé÷åø. ìôúò ùîòðå ùåôøåú îåì áéúå ùì øä"?. ôåìä áé÷ùä ùàáãå÷ îä áòééúí òùéúé òöîé îåôúò. éöàúé äçåöä åùîçúé ùäåôéòå ëîä òùøåú îúôììéí. ùáúé ìáéú øä"? åñôøúé ìôåìä ùäáçåø ùéåùá òì ëñà âìâìéí äåà ðëä öäì. åîùøã äáéèçåï ìà òåùä îñôé÷ ëãé ìù÷í àåúå. äåøéå îèôìéí áå òì çùáåðí åæä îàã ìà ôééø. ?"? áé÷ù îîðé ì÷çú àú ëì äôøèéí ùìå. ìà ì÷ç æîï åäáçåø ÷éáì äëøä îìàä ëåìì îëåðéú åîùëåøú. ëùéãéãé äàøëéè÷è àìé éúåí ùéáòä òì àáéå, áøîú àìéäå áøùì"? ðéâù áçåø òì ëñà âìâìéí ùäùúðä ôìàéí åìà äéëøúéå, åñéôø àú äñéôåø äð"? åäåãä ìé áôðé ëì ä÷äì. äøá éçéàì äìåé ðçåí òðä ìàîðåï èåéì ùñéôåøå ðâò ììá. åæä çåùó ìîòùä àú äãáøéí äâãåìéí ùîùä ðçåí òåñ÷ áäí ìîòï áðé äòãä.
òì åòãåú äç÷éøä åòîé çåáá éù äøáä îàåã îä ìñôø. àçã îäãáøéí äîôìéàéí áòéðéðå äéä, àéê ðúðå ìàãí äæä òîé çåáá ìù÷ø áòæåú îöç ðçåùä áùáåòä áôðé äååòãåú åìà æéîðå àú äîùèøä ìòåöøå. áôøè ëùðåãò ìååòãåú îôé òãéí ùäåà ðéñä ìäãéç àåúí åìàééí òìéäí ùéáåìò ìäí ìà ø÷ áàøõ âí áàøä"?. ëúáúé òì åòãú áäìåì-îéð÷åáñ÷é áòîåã 9 ùäééúä åòãú áãé÷ä. ìòåîú æàú åòãú ùìâé ÷éáìä îðãè åîéðåé ëååòãú áéøåø îøä"î ùîéø ìáøø, îä òùúä åòãú áäìåì. æàú òùä ìàçø ùäúééòõ òí ç"ë öçé äðâáé áùðú 88' ,?àéí îéðåé åòãú ç÷éøä éáéà ìäí ÷åìåú úåîëéí ìîôìâä? ëãé ìäøùéí àú äòãä, äëðéñå áä çáø îøëæ äìéëåã, àú øàù òéøééú øàù äòéï îø éâàì éåñó, áúåø çáø äåòãä äöéáåøéú ìâéìåé éìãé úéîï. ìôé ëúáúå ùì øåáé÷ øåæðèì. åòãú ùìâé ÷éáìä îðãè ìùáú 3 ôòîéí áùáåò. äååòãä éùáä ëùù ùðéí ììà ùåí ú÷öéá. áî÷åí ìùáú ùìåù ôòîéí áùáåò, ãáø ùäéä îñúëí á-312 éùéáåú, äåòãä éùáä ôçåú î-40 éùéáåú áîùê 6 ùðéí. îôìéà àåúé, àéê éâàì éåñó ðúï ìäí ìîøåç àú äæîï, åìà æéòæò ùîééí åàøõ. ìãòúé, äéä çééá ìæòå÷ áøàù çåöåú, áçìåó äùðä äøàùåðä. ëîå ëï ìàøâï îñéáú òéúåðàéí, åìäúøéò áùòøéí, ìàçø äùðä äùðééä. àí ìà òåæø îåöéàéí äôâðåú áùðä äùìéùéú. äùåôè ùìâé ìà äúáééù áùðä äçîéùéú, ìäëðñ àéúé ?ååëç áúåê äëðñú, ëùìéãé òîã àìéòø îñåøé îîåùá úðåáåú. äåà èòï, ùäåà òåáã ìôé äú÷öéá. åëì æîï ùäú÷öéá ìà äâéò àéï æä áàçøéåúå. äáèçúé ìå áå áî÷åí, ùàðé îâéù ðâãå åðâã øàù äîîùìä øáéï áâ"õ åðâã ëì äîîùìä, åîåøéã àåúå îúô÷éãå. äåà äåñéó áçéåê ãáéìé åèòï ùéù ðöéâ úéîðé áåòãä, åæä îñôé÷. åâí ëéåí òåã ìà ÷áìúé àú ú÷öéá ?-10,000 ù÷ì äøàùåðéí ìàçø çîù åçöé ùðéí. éâàì äéä çééá ìäæòé÷ ùîéí åàøõ òì îøéçú äæîï. áàåúä éùéáä áëðñú, ?"? òåáãéä òìé ú÷ó àú ðöéâé äîùèøä åäîîùìä òì ùéèú òáåãúí åöåøúä. ðöéâé äîùôçåú ú÷ôå àú òáåãú ùìâé. ëì ðöéâé äîîñã ùäåæîðå ìà äéä ìäí îä ìãååç. ãáø âãåì éàîø ìæëåúå ùì éâàì éåñó, åìáøê àåúå òì ëê. ùñéøá ìçúåí òì ñéëåîä ùì äåòãä. áúçéìú ãøëä ùì äåòãä, äí ðéñå ìùëðò àåúðå, ?÷áøå ëîàúééí éìãéí á÷áø àçéí àçã, îúåê ?- 700 î÷øéí. ùáçì÷í, ðç÷øå ?"? ååòãú áäìåì îéð÷åáñ÷é ùîñôøí, ?- 342 éìãéí. ?- 250 î÷øéí, ùðç÷øå ?"? ?"? ãá ìååéèï. îñôø çåãùéí ìàçø ÷åí äåòãä, ùîòúé áçãùåú çîù ááå÷ø, ëé ðîöà ÷áø ùì éìãé úéîï ùáå ÷áåøéí ?- 200 éìãéí. ðñòúé îéã ìëéååï øòððä. äòøúé àú äòéúåðàé àáéäå øöàáé îòéúåï äùøåï ?áé÷ùúé îîðå ìäúëåðï. àñôúé àåúå îáéúå áùòä ùù, åðñòðå ìáéú äøá ùåééöä áëôø éåðä, ùáâåù úì îåðã. äåãòúé ìòéúåðåú òì äúâìéú. æéîðúé àú ëì ëìé äúé÷ùåøú åäîùèøä. ìîæìé äèåá äâéò áòì ãøâä îäîùèøä, äçå÷ø äîôåøñí ùùîå øð"? øôé çøáé ùäáéï îéã ùéù ëàï äèòééä åúøîéú. ä÷áøï òèééä îðúðéä äåãä îúåê ìçõ äç÷éøä, ùëê àîøå ìå ìåîø, ùäåà ÷áø áîå éãéå 200 éìãéí. ðñòðå ìáéú äòìîéï àáéäå åàðåëé åùàø äôîìéä. ëùäâòðå ìáéú äòìîéï äéå ùí îñôø îùôçåú ùäçìå áçôéøú ä÷áø. òèééä ùäéä ëáï 72 ëàá ìé îàã ùâøí ìëê ùñèøúé ìå òì äúçî÷åéåúéå. äåà äøàä ìðå àú àú ä÷áø ùäéä îñåîï òì ùèç 4 *4 ùäéå àîåøéí ìéöå÷ òìéå áèåï ááå÷ø. ä÷áø ðçôø àê äåà äéä øé÷. äú÷ùøúé ìéâàì éåñó áùáò ááå÷ø, åäëøçúé àåúå ìáåà åìãáø àì äú÷ùåøú. îàåú úéîðéí äâéòå ìùí, ìàåø äôøñåí. åîä âãåìä äéúä äàëæáä áôðé ääåøéí äàåîììéí, ùçéôùå àú éìãéäí äðòãøéí. ëùäâéò äùåôè ùìâé ìåòãú äòìééä åä÷ìéèä, ìà äéä ìå îä ìãååç. áìéú áøéøä, ìàåø äîäåîä ù÷îä áòéø éäåã, äâùúé áâ"õ ìáéèåìä ùì åòãú ùìâé åìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú. ëì ùéçåúéé, úçðåðéé åá÷ùåúéé îøä"? éöç÷ øáéï æ"ì ìä÷îú åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú òìå áúåäå. úùåáúå äéúä "ø÷ òì âåôúé äîúä úå÷í åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú". àîøúé ìå " éöç÷, àðé àåäá àåúê áëì ìéáé åðäðéúé îäëáåã ùøåçùú ìê øåáä ùì äòãä äúéîðéú, áîéåçã äðäâéí ùìê. äòðééï òìåì ìäéãøãø áâìì àéøåòé éäåã. àúä îàìõ àåúé ìúáåò àåúê àéùéú åàú ëì äîîùìä ùìê." úùåáúå äéúä "ëèåá áòéðéê òùä, îëì æä ùåí ãáø ìà ééöà". òúøúé ìáâ"õ á –7.6.94. äåãåú ìùðé òåøëé äãéï îðçí æøñ÷é åøîé ãîàøé, äîåîçä äâãåì ìîùôèéí ôìéìééí åãéðé àéùåú. ëòùøéí éùéáåú éùáúé òí øîé åäåà äðçä àåúé, äãøéê àåúé, åìéîã àåúé ôø÷ áäìëåú îùôè, áðåñó ìùúé éùéáåú ùéùáðå òí îðçí æøñ÷é åòå"ã àìé îñèøîï, òåæøå ùì øîé. ëì öøéçåúéå åöò÷åúéå ùì øîé äáéàå àåúé ìäëøä ùäåà îåøä çëí å÷ôãï ùéù äøáä îàã îä ììîåã îîðå. áòøá äàçøåï ìôðé äáâ"õ ðùáøúé åáé÷ùúé îîðå ùäåà éòúåø áî÷åîé. äåà äúðâã ìëê áúå÷ó. ôçãúé ùàðé òìåì ìäáéà ëùìåï ìëì äðåùà. äåà äàîéï áé åáéëåìúé åáøåê äùí åáòæøúí ùì äð"ì, æëéðå áòúéøä åäå÷îä åòãú ç÷éøä îîìëúéú. ëì ú÷ååúä ùì äòãä äúéîðéú áåòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú äéúä ëì ëê âáåää – äøé ìéåí äæä ééçìðå áîùê àøáòéí åçîù ùðä. ùîçúðå äéúä âãåìä éåúø ëùáúåê äåòãä éùá äàìåó äúéîðé äøàùåï, ãåã îéîåï. àöééï àú äôâîéí åäìé÷åééí äøàùåðéí ùðâìå ìòéðéðå: à. ì÷ç ìåòãä ùéùä çåãùéí ìîöåà î÷åí ìîùøã, åìäúçéì àú äòáåãä. á. äôøñåí ùìä äéä ì÷åé åìà äâåï îìëúçéìä. äí äéå öøéëéí åçééáéí ìãòú ùøåá äúéîðéí äæ÷ðéí, àéðí ÷åøàéí òéúåðéí. äí á÷åùé î÷ùéáéí ìøãéå, åöåôéí áèìååéæéä. àú äôéøñåîéí ìà òùå áèìåéæéä áëååðä úçéìä. ëãé ìà ìäðäéø àú áðé äòãä ìáðééï äåòãä. äí òùå äëì ìäøåéç æîï åùäòãéí ìà éåôéòå. ëùäùîåòä ôøöä äçåöä òì äúðäâåú äåòãä, åàéê äí îùôéìéí åîúðäâéí ëìôé äòãéí, äçìéèå øáéí ìà ìäåôéò áôðéä. â. äåòãä ôøñîä òì ôúéçúä áòéúåðéí öäåáéí ùàéï ìäí ÷åøàéí úéîðéí, áîéåçã ìà äæ÷ðéí, ã. áéåí ôúéçú äãéåï. àðùéí ìà äåôéòå îçåñø éãéòä. äåãåú ìòøðåúå ùì òå"ã øîé ãîàøé, ùäåãéò ìé òì ôúéçú äåòãä áùéçä èìôåðéú î÷ðãä, äâòúé àøöä, òøá ìôðé ôúéçú äåòãä. ááå÷ø äôúéçä, äééúé áèåç ùäúéîðéí éðäøå áäîåðéäí. ìòåîú æàú, äâòðå ìàåìí øé÷, ùäéä áúåëå àãí àçã. äåà ãéáø ?-5 ã÷åú îúåê ñòøú ðôù åáëé. äééúé äòã äùðé ùäòéã. åâá' ùéôøéñ ðëðñä ìàåìí ëåòñú òì çåñø äôøñåí. äñáøúé ìåòãä ùàðé îúîöà áðåùà îëì äëéååðéí åääéáèéí. îúåê æä ùøàééðúé áðé îùôçåú øáéí. áòãåúé öééðúé çì÷ îäúëëéí åäúøîéåú ùáäï ð÷èå àðùé äîîñã äîéñúåøééí. á÷ùúé ùéæîðå àú äçå÷øéí. îéëàì øæ äâãåì ùîù÷éò àú çééå ðâã äòååì åîöéàú äàîú. áîéåçã, áôøùú òîåñ áøðñ àæ. åëéåí áç÷éøú øöç øáéï ?"?. ëîå ëï àú äçå÷ø ðáåú ùäúôèø áúçéìú òáåãúä ùì åòãú ùìâé äåà äáéï îéã ùàéï ìå ùåí ñéëåééí ìçãåø ìàøëéåðéí åìâðæëéí. àú äçå÷ø éöç÷ ÷øï ÷öéï îùèøä áãéîåñ ùäéä îåëï ìòùåú òáåãú ÷åãù çéðí ìîòï îöéàú äàîú. åòåã îñôø îúðãáéí. äååòãä äúòìîä îëì äá÷ùåú. áé÷ùðå îäåòãä ùîñôø çáøéí îäôãøöéä åîñôø ôòéìéí, éòæøå ìäí áòáåãúí. äáèçðå ìñô÷ ìåòãä çåîø îéãò. ëîå ëï, áé÷ùðå ùéúðå ìðå åìáðé äîùôçåú, ùéù ìäí ëåùø áéèåé èåá éåúø îäæ÷ðéí, ìãáø áî÷åîí, ëãé ùéáéðå àú âåãì äàñåï, ùáðé äîùôçåú çåå åòáøå. ø÷ ìàçø åéëåçéí åöò÷åú æä ðúàôùø. ëîå ëï, äöòúé ùäåòãä éñòå ìîåùáéí åìð÷åãåú éùåá, ùàéï áàôùøåú äæ÷ðéí äîåâáìéí, ìñôø àú âéøñúí. àå ìôçåú ìàôùø ìáðé îùôçúí ìééöâ àåúí, ëãé ùäúé÷ùåø éäéä éåúø îéøáé. äöòåúéðå ìà ðòðå. ìôðé ñéåí òáåãúä ùì äåòãä ðôâùúé òí äùåôè ÷ãîé òí ôòéì îøëæé ùìðå, ?' ùìîä âîìéàì ùéùá ìîòìä îùìù ùðéí áçãø äåòãä åä÷ìéè àú ëì äúåòáä ùéäåãé úéîï çåå àåúä. áàåúä ùéçä òí äù' ÷ãîé á÷ùúé îñôø ôòîéí ùøöåé ùéé÷çå àú äçåîø ùáéãéðå åîúåëå éñé÷å îñ÷ðåú àîéðåú éåúø. ìù' ÷ãîé äéúä ø÷ á÷ùä àçú âãåìä ìôâåù àú äøá òåæé îùåìí. äáèçúé ìù' ÷ãîé ùàòùä äëì ìäôâéù áéðéäí. äééúé òí àáéðåòí äìåé éåí àçã áîëåðéúé ëùìôúò äåà æéää àú àçú äî÷åøáåú àì äøá. ðéâùúé ìâá' äðëáãä åäöâúé áôðéä àú á÷ùúå ùì äù' ÷ãîé. äéà âéçëä åöç÷ä ìðå áôøöåó. äéà èòðä àæ ùîîöàé åòãú ç÷éøä æå úäééä äù÷øðéú îëåìí. ëê ÷áò äøá. áîáè ìàçåø àðé áåù åðëìí ìâìåú ùëì îä ùäåà àîø äøá îùåìí äåà öã÷. äòãä äúéîðéú çééáú ìå äúðöìåú âãåìä îàã. ä. ëù÷øàúé àú ãå"ç äáéðééí ùì äåòãä, éãòúé ùàðçðå áðé äòãä äúéîðéú òìåìéí ìîöåà àú òöîðå ðàùîéí áî÷åí îàùéîéí. àú ñéëåí òáåãúä ùì äåòãä ÷øàúé áîùê îñôø éîéí, ë-1,800 òîåãéí, ùòåøø áé ùàè ðôù. éãòúé ùäãå"ç ùìäí éâøåí úñéñä åáåæ. àú îä ùðéñéðå ìîðåò îùðé äöããéí, æä äáéæéåï. öééðúé áòîåãéí ÷åãîéí ùðé îëúáéí ùì ùúé îùôçåú, îòèåó å÷øååä ùäéå äëé îúåðéí. äï øàå áòáåãú äåòãä åáîîöàéä, æìæåì åòìáåï ìàéðèìéâðöéä. áùéçåú ù÷ééîúé òí îæëéø äåòãä èòï áôðé ùäòãä äúéîðéú àéáãä àú äøñï åî÷ììéí àú äåòãä ÷ììåú ðîøöåú. áãå"ç äåòãä ìà öééðå ùåí àéùéåú öéáåøéú ùäòéãä òì àåúí äéîéí, ùîöáéòéí òìéäí ëîåùëéí áçåèéí. ëùåúôéí ìôùò. ëîñúéøé àîú. ëîãéçé òãéí. åëéåöà áæä. å. äåòãä ñéøáä ìáãå÷ ðåùàéí ëàåáéí ùì îùôçåú, ùàéáãå àú éìãéäí àçøé ùðú 54'. äí äìëå ø÷ ìôé äîðãè ù÷éáìå îùðú 48' òã 54', åäøé îàåú éìãéí, àí ìà àìôéí, ðòìîå îùðú 54' åäìàä. äí ñéøáå ìäúééçñ ìøëåù, ìðùéí äðùåàåú ùðòìîå, ùçì÷ îäï àéîäåú ìéìãéí åìáòìéí öòéøéí.
?èòåéåú ùì åòãú äç÷éøä äîîìëúéú: îúåê 1,033 î÷øéí, 56 éìãéí àëï ðòãøéí. îä òí éúø 277? éìãéí? òì éìã àùëðæé àçã éåñìä ùåëîëø, ôùè äîåñã áçéôåùéí àçøéå, áøçáé àéøåôä ÷ðãä åàøä"á, áîùê ùðúééí åçöé. áîçéø ùì ?- 22 îéìéåï ãåìø òã ùðîöà. åëì äëáåã ìáï âåøéåï æ"ì, åìéúø äðôùåú ùôòìå. îìáã äùáò îàåú, ùòìéäï ãååç, äùàø ëðøàä àéðï çùåáåú. ìëï ñô÷ âãåì îàåã îåèì, áàîéðåú ç÷éøúä ùì äåòãä, ùìà ç÷øå àú äæ÷ðéí áàéæåøé îâåøéäí. äí òùå äëì ëãé ìà ìäâéò ìàîú àìà ìèùèù àåúä. îúåê 56 äéìãéí äðòãøéí îøùéí ìòöîí òå"? øîé öåáøé åùàìúé ?ì òãðé åøàù äòéø éâàì éåñó ùîàôùø ìäí ìðäåâ ëàååú ðôùí, ìäâéù úáéòåú ðù÷éåú áùí äîùôçåú. àðé ú÷ååä ùäí éåãòéí àú äñéëåï ùäí ìå÷çéí òì òöîí. ëé àí ?"? àçã îäí éôñéã áúáéòä äòãä äúéîðéú úäéä øùàéú ìúáåò àåúí òì ðæé÷éï. ãòúé äéà ùøöåé îàã ìñééí àú ëì äàôùøåéåú áöåøä ÷åì÷èéáéú åø÷ àæ ìúáåò. àðå ú÷ååä ùçä"? öáé äðãì éòìä äöòä ìáèì àú îîöàé äåòãä. àðçðå éåãòéí òì òùøåú î÷øéí ùì éìãéí úéîðéí çééí ùîçôùéí àú äåøéäí. îùøã äòáåãä åäøååçä, ùàçøàéí òì úé÷é äàéîåõ, îùèéí áéìãéí äúéîðéí åáäåøéäí. äí èåòðéí ùäéìã æëàé ìôúåç àú úé÷ äàéîåõ. åëùäéìã îá÷ù ìøàåú àú úé÷ äàéîåõ îøàéí ìå àú úé÷ äîàîöéí. ìà àú úé÷ ääåøéí äáéåìåâéí. ëùäáàúé àú îùä áëø îèåøðèå ëãé ùñåó ñåó éãò îé äåøéå, îðäìåú úé÷é äàéîåöéí äøàå ìå àéùä ùëáéëåì äøúä ìæðåðéí áâéì 14. ëùðôâùå, äàéîà áé÷ùä ùìà éúøàå éåúø. ìà îñôé÷ ùäéìã îúäìê áäøâùä ùððèù, îñôøéí ìå ùàéîå æåðä. åàéæä æåðä úøöä ìååúø òì ôøé áèðä? áæàú îá÷ùéí ìééàù àú äîçôùéí. ëîå ëï ùéèå áàåøé åëèì îìåñ àðâìñ. äåà áé÷ù ìôúåç àú úé÷ äàéîåöéí ëãé ìâìåú îé äí äåøéå. áî÷åí æàú, îøàéí ìå àú úé÷ äîàîöéí. äåà îöà àú áðé îùôçúå áëåçåú òöîå. äí éåãòéí îãåò äí îñúéøéí æàú. äåãåú ìòå"ã æøç øåæðáìåí, ùäâéù áâ"õ ðâã äîùøã äð"ì òáåø äéìãä äîúä òãéðä ôàãì, áéúå ùì ãåã ùå÷ø ù÷îä ìúçééä, ñô÷ àí äééðå îâìéí àú ùéèú ääùú÷ä. îúáøø àéôåà áæîï ëúéáú ôø÷ æä, ëé ÷îå ùðé éìãéí ìúçééä: àøéàì ÷èéòé åéåñó öãå÷, ò÷á äëúáåú áîåñó òéúåï "äàøõ", îçåãù éðåàø, ùì àáéáä ìåøé åàäåã òéï-âéì, ñâï òåøê îåñó ùáú. îø òéï-âéì îèéì ñô÷åú øáåú, áùéèú äç÷éøä åáîîöàé ëì äåòãåú. éìãéí ðåñôéí ùðîöàå çééí äí ùîåàì ôééðáøâ, îùä áëø, öéìä ìåéï, ã"ø éäåãä ÷ðèåø åòåã. äøùéîä àøåëä. ëîå ëï, îãåò ìà ôøñîä äåòãä áãå"ç ùìä, àðùé îîñã ùäòéãå áôðéä. äåòãä ìà äå÷éòä àú äòãéí ùùé÷øå. ìöòøé äøá, äîîöàéí ùì äåòãä äàçøåðä âøîå ðæ÷ áì éùåòø ëìôé áéäî"ù äòìéåï åëìôé äîîñã. àðé çåùù îàåã ùàí äèøâãéä äæàú úúâìâì ìôúçå ùì áéäî"ù äáéðìàåîé ìôùòéí çîåøéí, îöáðå åúãîéúðå ëúãîéú "äéäåãé äîëåòø" éäéå ëâåùôð÷à çå÷éú ìçùåá òìéðå ëê. îöòø àåúé îàåã, ùäåòãä ìà ðúðä ãòúä îä ÷åøä áòéååú äãéï, åìàåúå æîï ùîìëåú áéú ãåã äòìéîä éìãéí. åéøîéä äðáéà æåò÷. "ëä àîø ä'. ãéðå ìáå÷ø îùôè. åäöéìå âæåì îéã òåù÷. ôï úáòø ëàù çîúé, åáòøä åàéï îëáä. (éøîéä, ë"à, 12). äòìúé äöòä àçøåðä ìôðé ùáðé äîùôçåú éöàå îëìéäí, ùúå÷í åòãú ç÷éøä ðåñôú áùéúåó ôòåìä òí áðé îùôçåú åðöéâé äôãøöéä äúéîðéú. ëåìé ú÷ååä ùéå"ø åòãú äòìééä ä÷ìéèä åäúôåöåú, ç"ë öáé äðãì, éöìéç ìäòáéø àú äöòú äçå÷ ùáðé äòãä äúéîðéú, éç÷øå áòöîí àú äèøâãéä ùô÷ãä àåúí, òí ùåôèé áéú îùôè òìéåï, ëîåáï áú÷öéá îùøã äàåöø åäîîùìä. àðé ìòåîú æàú àòùä ëîéèá éëåìúé, ìâééñ àú ëì çáøé äëðñú, àú øàùé äôãøöéåú äéäåãéåú åçáøé ä÷åðâøñ äéäåãé äòåìîé ìîàá÷ áôúøåï äáòéä, ëãé ùäæåäîä åäëúí äîáàéù ìà éãìåó äçåöä îäîãéðä.

áúåãä îøàù ìåòãú äòìééä ä÷ìéèä åúôåöåú. ìôòéìéí äðôìàéí ùéäéå îåëðéí ìäöèøó ìâåó àçã. ìçå÷øéí ùìîä âîìéàì îéøåùìéí ùéùá ùìù åçöé ùðéí åä÷ìéè àú ëì òáåãú äåòãä åñáì äøáä áéæéåðú îäí. ëîå ëï ìîúòãéí. àðùé äøá îùåìí îîùëï àåäìéí, ùäðöéçå áöéìåí åéãàéå àú ëì äòéãåéåú. àú àáéðåòí äìåé îøçåáåú. àáðø ôøçé çå÷ø åòéúåðàé îçãøä. åàçøåðéí çáéáéí àðé îáøê àéùéú àú ëì çáøé äôãøöéä äòåìîéú ìéäãåú úéîï. àú ?"? ùìîä ñîøé îùåìí ðäéø îàéìú. àú ùìåí áï ìåé ìîåñ àðâì. àú îéëì åòåæé âîìéàì îàéëéï. àú äôãøöéä îàøä"?. àú çáøé äôãøöéä äòåìîéú. àú òå"? éåàì ùîçé îâåù úì åîðã. àú ðçîéä ìãðé åàìéòæø îñåøé îúðåáåú. àú éäåãéú ìåé åçáøé äôãøöéä îàéøåôä. àú àéìðä ìéáðä îäöøé î÷' éâåø. àú äøá îùä úðòîé îøëñéí. àú ñâï øàù äòéø øçåáåú ùàåì ìéáé. àú éãéãé ÷öéï ëéáåé àù âáé òéîøï îøùì"? ùîñééòéí áéãé ìäàá÷ ìîòï àçéðå äðæ÷÷éí îëì áðé äòãåú. àú öãå÷ àì æîéøé àú âáé ùøòáé îîùøã äãúåú áú"?.àú äøá éçéàì äìåé ðçåí. åàú äé÷øåú ìé îëì àùúé òôøä åáéúé çï çðä. äîàôùøåú ìé ìäòãø îäáéú ëãé ìçåù ìòæøú äðæ÷÷éí.

ááøëä ã"ø îùä ðçåí,
ðùéà äôãøöéä äòåìîéú ìéäãåú úéîï åçáø ä÷åðâøñ äéäåãé äòåìîé.

34. äôùò åäúøîéú äâãåìä ùì äîàä äòùøéí ùðòùúä ìòãä äúéîðéú
"çøá áàä òì äòåìí òì òéðåé äãéï åòì òéååú äãéï"
(ôø÷é àáåú ?- 11)
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äëçùú ôøùú çèéôú éìãé úéîï, ëîåä
îàú: pilovich shahafå 21/02/02 | 21:40
..."ëîåä ëîå äëçùú äùåàä ùì äòí äéäåãé áîéìçîú äòåìí äùðéä, ø÷ áîé÷øä äæä, æä çîåø ùáòúééí, ëé ôä ôùòå éäåãéí ùòùå ìéäåãéí/àçéäí îòãåú äîæøç áëìì åéìãé úéîï áôøè...
http://www.tapuz.co.il/tapuzforum/main/viewMsg.asp?id=303&msgid=2861452&archive=1

öéåðä "äééîï" ìùòáø öéåðä "ñàìí" ...æäå ôøè ðåñó ùäëúáú éãòä åìà ëúáä æàú áâåó äëúáä åìîä...?!

àçéå ùì äðùéà ÷öá: öéåï ÷öá ðçèó îäåøéå, áùðú 1952 îîòáøú ÷ñèéðä/îçðä öøéôéï, îö"á äòéúåï/òìåï{á-16 ÷áöéí} îñôø 1 ùéöà
ìàåø áùðú úùð"ç, ùðùà àú äëåúøú...:-
https://rotter.net/forum/gil/5074.shtml

äàîú ðçùôú: äàåöøåú äàáåãéí ùì éäåãé úéîï
https://rotter.net/cgi-bin/forum/dcboard.cgi?az=show_thread&om=5316&forum=gil&omm=0

__________________

ìçõ ëàï » ôøñ äåà äîôúç ìôøùú àìèìðä

ùúé ðùéí ðåñôåú, âí äï úéîðéåú, ðçùôå îéåæîúï: öéåðä äééîï åöéìä ìåéï. úé÷é äàéîåõ ùìäï äéå øé÷éí, åùúéäï ðàìöå ìöàú ìîñò çéôåù òì áñéñ ãéîéåï áìáã, ëùäï ðòæøåú áòéúåðåú äëúåáä åáú÷ùåøú. ñéôåøä ùì öéìä – ùæëä ìúäåãä øáä – ôåøñí äï á"éãéòåú" á-97' òì éãé àåøåï îàéøé åñîãø ôøèåù åäï á"îòøéá" òì éãé ÷åáé áìééê, åàéìå æä ùì öéåðä ôåøñí á"éãéòåú àçøåðåú" á-2002 òì éãé éäåãéú éçæ÷àìé.

äåøéä äîàîöéí ùì öéìä ìåéï äâéòå àìéä ãøê øåôà îçéôä, åìèòðú î÷åøáéí ìà äéå îàîöéí àåúä àéìå éãòå ùðçèôä îäåøéä. éçã òí æàú, îñôøú öéìä, ëé "ëùùàìúé òì òáøé, ÷éáìúé àæäøä á÷éáåõ ùçáì ìáæáæ àú äæîï, åëãàé ìé ìäúî÷ã áîùôçúé äðåëçéú. äáðúé ùîñúéøéí îîðé îùäå åçééúé áäøâùä ðåøàä, ùàðé çì÷ î÷ðåðéä". àú öå äàéîåõ ðúï äùåôè îùä ìðãåé, àæ ùåôè îçåæé áçéôä åìéîéí ðùéà áéú äîùôè äòìéåï: "ìàçø òéåï áá÷ùä ùäåâùä áéåí 18 áðåáîáø 1948 òì éãé àðãä åîøãëé øåæðùèå÷ îòéï äîôøõ ìàéîåõ éìãä ùú÷øà öéìä øåæðùèå÷, äéåú åäéìãä äéà àñåôéú åäåøéä àéðí éãåòéí, åäéåú åäéìãä äð"ì ðîñøä ìîá÷ùéí òì éãé åòã ä÷äéìä äòáøéú áçéôä, îöååä áæä ùäîá÷ùéí éäéå äåøéä äîàîöéí ùì öéìä øåæðùèå÷". äðä ìðåçåúëí, ñéëí àçã îáëéøé äùåôèéí îòùä ôùò áôñ÷ ãéï åáëê ì÷ç çì÷ áôùò. ìäâðúå, èòï äùåôè ìðãåé, ëé èéôì áúé÷é àéîåõ øáéí åìëï àéðå éëåì ìæëåø î÷øä ñôöéôé.

òì ñîê äãîéåï äîãäéí áéðéäí òøëå öéìä ìåéï åîøâìéú òåîééñé áãé÷ú ãé.àï.àéé. äáãé÷ä äòìúä ëé îãåáø áàí åáúä. áò÷áåúéä äúçåììä ùòøåøééä ùáñåôä òåøòø îòîãå ùì òåøê äáãé÷ä, ã"ø çñï çèéá îäîçì÷ä ìâðèé÷ä áàåðéáøñéèä äòáøéú, åáîäìëä ñôâ áåæ áðéçåç âæòðé îôéå ùì ôøåô' éåñé äéøùáøâ ùèòï ëé äìä îåîçä ø÷ ìâðèé÷ä ùì çéåú. áãéòáã ñéôø çèéá ëé äåôòìå òìéå ìçöéí àãéøéí òì îðú ìùìåì àú çååú ãòúå äøàùåðéú, åìáñåó çúí òì áãé÷ä äôåëä áä ìà ðèì çì÷ åìà äàîéï áä. áãé÷ä ðåñôú ùáéöò áòöîå àéùùä àú îñ÷ðúå äøàùåðä. äéåí äåà îçæé÷ áîòáãä îùìå.

çîéùä çáøé ëðñú úéîðéí îëì ñéòåú äáéú äúëðñå (éåí ã', 3.3.04) ìîôâù øùîé øàùåï, áå ãðå òì äãøëéí áäí ðéúï ìùîø àú îñåøú äòãä äúéîðéú.
éåæí äîôâù, çáø äëðñú àéúï ëáì (òáåãä), ôúç àú äãéåï ááãéçåú æåèà áùôä äúéîðéú, åòã îäøä âí çáø äëðñú îùåìí ðäøé (ù"ñ) "æø÷" áãéçåú. ç"ë àäåã øöàáé (ùéðåé) äèòéí áñéôåøéí îï äòáø áòâä úéîðéú, çáøú äëðñú âéìä âîìéàì (ìéëåã) ìà äôñé÷ä ìäúô÷ò îöçå÷ åç"ë àåøéú ðå÷ã (äòáåãä) ñ÷øä àú äðåëçéí.

çáøé äëðñú, ùçì÷í úéîðéí îùðé ääåøéí (ëáì, øöàáé åðäøé) åçì÷í ø÷ îöã àçã (ç"ë ðå÷ã åâîìéàì), øåàéí çùéáåú øáä áäöìú åùéîåø îñåøú éäåãé úéîï åäúøáåú, àí áàîöòåú îéîåï ôòåìåú ìäôöú äîñåøú åàí òì-éãé äùôòä òì âåøîé îîùì ìäëðéñ úëðéí ùì éäãåú úéîï âí áîåñãåú äçéðåê.

ì÷áåöä îöèøôéí ùðé çáøé ëðñú úéîðéí ùìà ðëçå áéùéáä, ñâï ùø äúî"ú, îéëàì øöåï, åäùø ìáéèçåï ôðéí, öçé äðâáé (áðä ùì çáøú äëðñú ìùòáø âàåìä ëäï).

ç"ë ëáì (44), éìéã äàøõ, ðåìã åçé áøàù äòéï, îñáéø àú çùéáåú äîôâù: "äãåø äàøé ùì éäåãé úéîï äåìê åôåçú. ìöòøé, äîç÷ø áðåùà îôòìí ùì éäåãé úéîï ãì åôåçú åøöåððå äåà ìäçæéø òèøä ìéåùðä, ìäôéõ îç÷øéí ä÷ùåøéí ìéäãåú úéîï ìä÷éí, îàâø ÷ìèåú ìäúçáø ìòîåúåú äòåñ÷åú áðåùà åìäôòéì àåúï".

ç"ë îùåìí ðäøé (52), éìéã äàøõ àó äåà, îçãã àú äãáøéí: "îåøùú úéîï äéà îåøùú éäåãéú îôåàøú îàåã åòùéøä áçéé øåç. éäãåú úéîï äòîéãä úìîéãéí çëîéí. òã òúä öééøå áöåøä ìå÷ä áçñø àú äòãä äúéîðéú. àðé ìà îãáø òì îàëìéí, ñìñåìéí åøé÷åãéí, çéé äååàé åôìå÷ìåø, àé àôùø ì÷çú ãáø èôì åìäôåê àåúå ìòé÷ø".

"äéäåãé äúéîðé äåà áøàù åáøàùåðä àéù äñôø åäñôø äåà áòì òøê òìéåï éåúø îëì ãáø àçø. éäåãé úéîï äí áéï äáåããéí ùùîøå òì çéé øåç îëì òãä àçøú, îàæ çåøáï áéú øàùåï. àéï òåã òãä áòåìí äéäåãé ùùîøä àú òøëé äéäãåú ëîå éäãåú úéîï, åìöòøé ëì éúø äòãåú òåùåú ëãé ìùîø àú äîåøùú. éäåãé úéîï ìà äù÷éòå îñôé÷ áëê", äåñéó ðäøé.

çáø äëðñú àäåã øöàáé äåà ãåø ùìéùé áàøõ. ñáå òìä àøöä áòìééú 'àòìä áúîø' áàå÷èåáø úøî"á, éçã òí òåã 120 îùôçåú ùäéå áéï äøàùåðåú îäòãä ùäúééùáå áéøåùìéí. ñáå, àáùìåí øöàáé, áéï î÷éîé ùëåðú ëøí äúéîðéí áúì àáéá. áäîùê, ä÷éí ñáå àú òîåúú "àòìä áúîø", ùîèøúä ìùîø àú äîåøùú ùì éäåãé úéîï. äòîåúä ôåòìú îúøåîåú áîùê ë-100 ùðä.

äéåí, ç"ë øöàáé øåàä áäúëðñåú çáøéå ìëðñú öòã øàùåï ìäîùê ôòéìåú àáéå - çéãåù ôòéìåú äòîåúä ùôòìä îùê ùðéí åäéåí ðîöàú áäìéëé âñéñä. "àðé øåàä ëîöååä ìäîùéê àú ôòéìåú àáé. äòîåúä ôåòìú ìäåöàú ÷ìèåú ùàðå ÷åøàéí ìäí ÷ìèåú äöìä ùì éäåãé úéîï äîáåâøéí, îìâåú ìçå÷øéí åòåã. òìéðå ìîöåà ôúøåï åìäéøúí éçãéå ëãé ìñééò áùéîåø äîñåøú îúåê çøãä ùäéà úéòìí".

çáøú äëðñú àåøéú ðå÷ã äéà éìéãú äàøõ. àáéä áà îååøùä ùáôåìéï åàéîä, äãñä ñéâìåá (ùí ðòåøéä), äéðä éìéãú äàøõ îîåöà úéîðé åæîøú áòáø. ç"ë ðå÷ã ðñúä áòáø ìôòåì áç÷é÷ä áäòáøú çå÷ ùéîåø úøáåú ùáæé. äöòú äçå÷ ìà òìúä ì÷øéàä èøåîéú, ëéååï ùìà æëúä ìúîéëä. "áéåí éåí éù ìé æëøåðåú øáéí îáéú ñáà. àðé çåùáú ùðëåï îàåã ìôòåì ìùéîåø äîåøùú", àåîøú ðå÷ã.

àáéä ùì çáøú äëðñú âéìä âîìéàì (30) áà îúéîï-áøè åàéîä îîåöà ìåáé. âîìéàì àîøä: "àðé îáøëú òì ääúëðñåú. éù ìëê çùéáåú òìéåðä ìãàåâ ìäðöçú îåøùú åúøáåú ùì éäåãé úéîï. äøáä úåìéí áðå ú÷ååú. àí îñúëìéí áâãåì ìøàåú çáøé ëðñú îëì ñéòåú äáéú - ù"ñ, ùéðåé, äòáåãä åìéëåã, æä ãáø ùäåà ììà ñô÷ îáåøê".

åëîå ùñéëí àú äéùéáä ç"ë îùåìí ðäøé, áöéèåè îñôøå ùì çééí äææ, "äéåùáú áâðéí": "àåìí áøåøéí ùáëåìí àìå äúéîðéí. äììå æøéæéí åçøéôéí, îåîìçéí åîúåáìéí... îåøé ñòéã â'äøàï äéä îöôöó á÷åìå åàåîø, 'äððå òîà ôæéæà, àðå îáðé áðéäí ùì îúéí ùäçéä äðáéà éçæ÷àì. ø÷ ÷øîå òöîåúéðå âéãéí åáùø àéï òìéäí îééã ÷ôöðå åòîãðå òì øâìéðå'".
ðåöø áéåí: 04/03/2004
http://www.nfc.co.il/archive/001-D-41664-00.html?tag=8-15-07

https://rotter.net/cgi-bin/forum/dcboard.cgi?az=show_thread&om=5228&forum=gil&omm=27&viewmode=threaded

https://rotter.net/cgi-bin/forum/dcboard.cgi?az=show_thread&forum=gil&om=5667&omm=13&v

I worked for nine years gathering the truth about the Rabin assassination and not one of my articles received the kind of recognition accorded my previous piece about the radiation experiments on Israeli Sephardi children during the 1950s. It began when the gutsy site www.israelinsider.com published the article. It was then picked up and featured on the news sections of both Google and Yahoo. From there the article spread everywhere. To my dismay, blatantly anti-Israel sites abused the information and its real message.
The message is that the early Labor Zionists were monsters and their descendants, the Oslo "peacemakers," are no less monstrous. According to Rabbi Antelman, Zionism began as an honest national liberation movement that was too quickly infiltrated and corrupted by the secret followers of the false messiahs Shabtai Tzvi and Jacob Frank. Anyone who looks at events from that starting point realizes that had there never existed Labor Zionism, there would not have been a Holocaust.
Now this same demonic force is wrapping its pincers around the Jews of Yesha. These Jews refuse to realize that their enemy is terrified by the revival of Torah Judaism taking place in these territories and will do whatever needs to be done to wipe the revival out and return the country to the Sabbataian values envisioned by the founders of Israel.
Opposing the Sabbataian Zionists during the period of the Holocaust were, what were then known as, the Revisionist Zionists. Today, the wounded and weakened descendants of this good Zionism, are known broadly as the Right. They tried and failed to save the Jews of Europe. The Labor Zionists had far too many powerful allies among the bloodthirsty occultists who run this planet from behind the scenes.
The Sabbataian Zionists made a terrible pact with the Nazis, simplified after the best known component, called The Transfer Agreement. They let the Germans have their way with Europe's Jews, and later continued the torture and medical experiments on the Sephardi children who immigrated to their new Sabbataian state.
The purpose of my exposing these sadistic experiments is to strengthen Judaism by removing these anti-Jews from our midst. Over the past 120 years the Sabbataians have infiltrated the Jewish leadership worldwide and oversaw the destruction of over 80% of the people by promoting wars, pogroms, assimilation and the Holocaust.
They have to go! If Judaism is to survive, we must expunge the devils. If that means exposing their worst crimes, so be it. Every moment they sit in power over the Jews is a mortal threat to the survival of the remaining 20%. My exposes may have the power to shake the demons out of our hair. Judaism and Israel will survive the shocking truth, but they will not outlive the continuing existence of Labor Zionism.
And no one knows that better than Israel's Yemenite community. They have not forgotten that during the early years of Israel, some 4,500 of their children were kidnapped by the authorities and most disappeared for good.
In 1994, my revelations about the Rabin murder had made headlines in Israel and the leaders of the Yemenite Children's movement asked me to investigate their cause. Their movement's leader, Rabbi Uzi Meshulum was arrested and they feared for his life.
Who could blame them? Meshulum's arrest had already caused one murder. To get the rabbi into prison, the Israeli authorities surrounded his home and placed him and several dozen of his congregants under siege. Nearly 2000 police and Shabak officers arrived at his home in Yehud and they were backed up by helicopters and dogs. But it was the snipers who were assigned to wipe out the rabbi, his family and his congregation.
One unarmed congregant, Shlomi Asoulin was shot by a sniper. He was taken to police lines where he was allowed to bleed to death. Then Rabbi Meshulum's house was shot up. I counted fifty bullet holes in his living room walls and then stopped. I got the message. The state tried to mass-execute him, his wife, children and young followers.
In 1996, Rabbi Meshulum asked to meet me. I travelled with his wife to Sharon Prison, walked through a maze of sinking corridors until I reached his compound. We shook hands, and he had a powerful grip. We spoke of many things but I wanted to know the big truth from the source: why hadn't he united the kidnapped children with their biological parents? He then blasted the music on his portable tape machine and explained that he didn't have the heart to tell the parents that the majority of their children were dead, murdered in atomic experiments, most shipped first to America in cages. Then he revealed the reason for his repression: the founder of the Israeli atomic research program was Shimon Peres and if the truth came out, he would be exposed for his role in the atrocities.
He told me why he wanted this meeting. The Shifris family had assumed control of his movement and he was now certain that they were Shabak infiltrators destroying his movement from within. He wanted me to take over as spokesman.
I accepted, but Ofra Shifris would have nothing to do with it. The Yemenite people are innately modest and mild-mannered. I had my advocates but none could find the wherewithal to stand up to the feisty Ashkenazi lady who had shanghaied their fight for justice.
Besides Ofra, the Shifris family boasted her husband and son, both Hebrew University academicians. The imprisoned followers of Rabbi Meshulum included the son, who was suspected of being a snitch even while incarcerated.
But, give the family credit for a remarkable show. It was Ofra who showed me the photos of the cages in which the Yemenite infants were flown to America. And it was she who showed me the scarred bodies of the survivors of the experiments which she claimed took place at the Biological Institute in Ness Tziona.
In 1998, Rabbi Meshulum was released a vegetable. Depending on who tells it, he was given a lobotomy, or injected with mind-crippling drugs. Either way, he was now a zombi. His campaign for truth was over.
At the same time that I was researching the claims of Rabbi Meshulum, I hired a researcher for my upcoming book, Who Murdered Yitzhak Rabin. His name was Yechiel Mann. He was a seventeen year old Meretz Party youth activist. It seemed like an odd affiliation for the job, but he did splendid work.
He became my protege and chose the Yemenite children as the subject that would bring him recognition. And he deserves recognition, but here is why I've been reluctant to grant it to my readers.
In 1998 he was drafted into the IDF. In the summer of 2001, something happened to him while in the service. He was busted for a minor military felony and went to jail briefly. During this period, he told me he was beaten by a group of soldiers who warned him to keep away from Rabin.
Enter Nahum Shahaf. Out of the blue emerged a man who claimed to have the evidence needed to crack the Rabin truth. And indeed, he did have an impressive stock of photos and documentation, including the hidden sections of the Shamgar Commission's findings. However, instead of releasing the evidence, he invited the original researchers to his apartment and dangled it in front of their noses. He succeeded in dividing the research community by promising to release the goods to anyone of us who accepted him as the new leader of the Rabin investigation movement. One researcher, Natan Gefen took the bait and has since been totally neutralized.
The next victim was Yechiel Mann.
In September 2001, I was given an enormous stockpile of Rabin murder documentation by an insider source who some day will be revealed. I asked Yechiel to go over the material with me in preparation for the Rabin Assassination Conference to be held in late October of that year at the Windmill Hotel in Jerusalem. He found too much time for this endeavor considering he was still in the army. He explained that he went AWOL until the end of the conference.
Shortly before the conference, Yechiel announced that he and Nahum Shahaf would be presenting their own conference two days before ours. Shahaf had convinced Mann to rent a steak house in Jerusalem for the event and pay for the meals of the participants, who were invited journalists. Predictably, the event was a flop and Yechiel was out 2000 shekels,
Undeterred and uninvited, he and Shahaf showed up at the real conference. There, Shahaf burst on the podium and shouted that he was the hero of the day. From the side, Mann screamed, "Let him speak. Let him speak." Shahaf was removed by the police and Mann was removed from the Rabin researcher's community.
But, Yechiel's activities continued apace. He began inviting himself to stay over at a string of Rabin researchers' and journalists' homes. Each time he asked to use their computers to download his mail, and once he was caught sending the owner's private files to his computer.
I hope you agree that this is not the picture of someone you'd give your wholehearted endorsement too. Nonetheless, sacrifices have to be made for the truth. In the past three years, there have been two excellent books on the Yemenite children's disappearances, both in Hebrew. Yechiel wrote the only book on the subject in English and it is important.
While researching his book, Yechiel gave a lecture on his findings at the Israel Center in Jerusalem. Missing from his speech was the motive for the kidnappings, the atomic human testing they were subjected to. I noted this at the end of his speech and he answered that he did not want to delve into this subject.
That should have been the end of the matter, but it wasn't. An agitated Rabbi David Sevilia, of Jerusalem, gave a most animated rejoinder to Mann's neglect, offering a potted history of the medical experiments the children endured, most not surviving the tortures.
Please read the following sites. Yechiel Mann documents the sad saga of the
Yemenite children kidnapped by the Sabbataian Labor Zionists guided by Weizmann and Ben Gurion. All that's missing is the motive:

www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9302/ym.htm

www.rense.com/general13/thou.htm

www.israelbehindthenews.com/Archives/Jun-02.shtml

www.israelvisit.co.il/BehindTheNews/Sep-29-98.htm

www.davidicke.net/newsroom/asia/israel/090701a.html

www.alliancefr.com/actualite/desinformat/desinformat/enfants/eenfant2.html

One reader fills in the gaps for us:

Their programs were often referred to as PROJECT MONARCH and MKULTRA, MONTAUK and others as well.
American infants and children were frequently used, and I have interviewed former SURVIVING victims of their infamous and heinous human experimentation programs. As I shared, one of the better ones known who has gone public with her information is CISCO WHEELER.
She confirmed repeatedly to me that both she and other children kept in cages for human experimentation at bases such as CHINA LAKE NAVAL ORDNANCE RESEARCH CENTER in California, were often subjected to the horrible torture and abuse of Joseph Mengele and his sons, and others as well. She admitted that children were often used and human guinea pigs to test the effectiveness of CIA torture/mind control drugs tactics.
Many died from the repeat abuse...they simply could bear no more. She told me of infants suspended from the ceilings in cages that were electrically wired, and the infants conditioned through electric shock therapy.
I want to cry as I tell you this.
She admitted that much of this went on in the early 1950's, and perhaps even earlier, continuing in many forms to this present day.

And that was the real fate of the missing Yemenite children,

end

* If one more French Jew or sympathetic psychopath is caught hoaxing anti-semitic acts, I plan to expose the Sabbataian plot to send French Jews to Israel using the usual method of fear and suffering. The files are sitting here waiting for the opportunity.

* Here is some Kerry data sent to me:

By the way, it is a little odd, don't you think that Kerry's great grandfather was
Jacob Frankel born a few years after Jacob Frank died not too many miles away. And that Jacob Frank received the patronage of Maria Theresa, as has John Kerry received the patronage of Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões-Ferreira Heinz Kerry. Writeups about Kerry said he was in bad financial straits before he married "Teresa". Maybe he is a re-incarnated Jacob Frank - or at least, carries the Frank DNA. (I know - Frank was actually Frankovich, but.... )

John Kerry selects CFR member to be his top adviser on the Middle East

NEWS BRIEF: "Kerry appoints Mel Levine top Mideast adviser", The Jerusalem Post, August 16, 2004
In order to garner the Jewish vote in a national presidential election, it is always important to choose someone with a Jewish name who is accepted by Jewish organizations throughout this land. However, there is more to this story than meets the eye! Mel Levine is listed in the "Who's Who In The Elite" as being a member of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) ! Thus, we see John Kerry beginning to surround himself with establishment elite people from special Illuminist groups like the CFR. Just as Presidents Reagan, Bush, Clinton, and Bush, John Kerry relies upon the advice and consent of CFR members who are totally trained and supportive of the global

* Response to my new CD has been wonderful:

Barry:

* 've so far listened to your Denver CDs three times. I was mesmerized.
Thanks so much!

* Incidentally, I love the CD; I've
listened to it twice. It's truly chilling, the all-pervasiveness of the
mixed tendrils of evil. We are rushing head-long into Luciferian world
government, and the bad guys control both sides of every debate. Two false
extremes are created and cultivated so that "reasonable," "sound-thinking"
people can comfortably shun them both, settle into the artificial "middle,"
and be led like cheerful, well-informed lambs to the killing fields. Anyone
who points out the artificiality of the whole scenario is clearly
delusional, perhaps insane, in this crazy context. Uggh!

* Thank you for the C.D.s. It appears as though you have probably nailed it. Perhaps this "behind the scenes" group could be what Revelation 3:9 refers to… "those of the synagogue of the adversary, who say they are Jews and are not, but lie"? At any rate, I anxiously await the day that Daniel 2:34-35 is fulfilled.

Response to the video has been critical. It was recorded in a large hall with 500 people present and too many people are not happy with the sound. I won't print their complaints but they're out there. On the other hand, lots of people liked it.

Hi Barry,
Great video!!! I had no idea that the spawn of satan known as the Vatican had it's claws so much in Israel. I was glued to the whole video. You are like a breath of fresh air. I went to your site looking for video information in order to promote it but found none. I can scan the the video cover for my site, but what info can I give people on how to order it? IOW where can they order the video. Please let me know and I will promote it on my site.

To see or hear my 90 minute lecture last May in Denver on the real "peace" process, just write me at [email protected] $20 will get you one, $32, both.

And as usual, you can order my English books, Who Murdered Yitzhak Rabin, Israel Betrayed, The Last Days Of Israel and Save Israel! by writing me at the same address.

Just so you all know, my new book:
SHABTAI TZVI, LABOR ZIONISM AND THE HOLOCAUST

is about 2 weeks away from release.

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The uproar over the education of Yemenite children in the immigrant moshav of Amka, in the north of Israel, is one of the most flagrant examples of the kind of absorption that met new immigrants from Islamic countries in the first years of Israel's independence. The group most active in absorption at the time was the Mapai -dominated Moshav Movement. Amka was among the moshavim singled out by both the religious press and religious parliamentarians as proof of the violation of the 1949 Compulsory Education Law, which guaranteed parents the right to choose a particular educational system for their children.1 Amka was pointed to as an example of anti-religious coercion perpetrated by the leading political party, Mapai, and the Israeli Left. In this period, however, Mapai members, led by Prime Minister Ben-Gurion, and the first two ministers of education, Zalman Shazar and David Remez, vehemently refuted this charge. They fulminated in both the media and Knesset that such claims were libelous and totally unsubstantiated.

In the years that have passed, confidential documents from the highest echelons of Mapai have been made public, revealing that, among the party elite, it was common knowledge that the Moshav Movement was flouting the Compulsory Education Law and that anti-religious coercion was taking place at Amka. Moreover, a wealth of evidence shows that Mapai leaders were bitterly divided over the manner in which immigrants from Oriental backgrounds, including the Yemenites at Amka, should be assimilated into the country. On one hand, officials such as Shazar and Remez believed that anti-religious coercion must be avoided and that immigrant parents in all of the Moshav Movement's villages, like other parents throughout the country, should be allowed to choose their children's educational framework. On the other hand, leading figures in the Labor "system," such as Yaakov Halperin (Niv) (Head Supervisor), Yakov Sarid (a top official in Tel-Aviv), and the leaders of the Moshav Movement, especially Member of Knesset (MK) Ami Assaf, believed that their primary mission was to spread the Labor Movement gospel among as many pupils as possible. It was decided that, in every moshav affiliated with the Moshav Movement, only educational institutions associated with the Histadrut would be permitted to operate. Aided by instructors and volunteers from veteran moshavim, public and Labor-affiliated organizations made full use of their power and compelled immigrant children to take their schooling in either the Labor or Religious-Labor system. Objecting parents were eventually expelled from the village.

It seems that Ben-Gurion was caught between the two sides. Publicly he defended the Labor system and asserted that everything was proceeding legally. But in closed-doors discussions with party leaders, he admitted that the Moshav Movement was in fact breaking the law, and that it was dangerous to lend it support. In one such meeting he was extremely outspoken on this point, declaring that "our" people were carrying out acts of "robbery in broad daylight" on the new immigrants and that the nation and the party would pay dearly for this in the future.

In retrospect, by failing to demand an immediate end to the infringement of the law and the accompanying anti-religious coercion, the Prime Minister and the cabinet, including ministers from the Religious Front2 gave, in effect, their tacit sanction to illegal acts.

A BRIEF LOOL AT THE ABSORPTION OF YEMENITES (1948–1951)
Between 1948–1951, nearly 680,000 immigrants entered the State of Israel, half of whom arrived from Islamic countries.3 One group of special distinction came from Yemen and Aden on an airlift operation known as the "Wings of Eagles.4 The exodus began in December 1948 and was completed in less than two years, in September 1950. Altogether, 48,000 Jews landed in Israel from Yemen and Aden.5 On arrival, all of the Yemenite immigrants were sent to transit camps, although many were transferred to work villages and moshavim after only a few weeks.

The Moshav Movement was the main organization involved in the absorption of new immigrants. The movement's leaders responded enthusiastically to Ben-Gurion's call in early 1949 for assistance and shouldered the daunting task of overcoming innumerable ideological and practical obstacles, vigorously taking the lead in the policy known as "from transit camp to village."6 In 1948, prior to the massive influx of immigrants into the country, the Moshav Movement contained only 49 villages, comprising 3245 families. Within five years, an additional 135 moshavim were established that included 9547 families. In this short time, the Moshav Movement expanded into the dominant organization of labor settlement.7

Many Yemenite families, although religiously observant by tradition, were nevertheless sent to the secular Moshav Movement. Less than a third were placed on moshavim of the religious system; i.e., villages affiliated with the religious parties HaPoel HaMizrakhi or Agudat Israel.8

POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE ABSORPTION OF YEMENITE IMMIGRANTS
For the most part, the new immigrants from Islamic countries, including those arriving on "the Wings of Eagles" remained out-of-sight and out-of-mind for most of the Jewish community in Israel.9

Undeniably, the entire Labor Movement, with Mapai as its political arm, formed the organizational framework most actively involved in the absorption of Oriental immigrants, including the Yemenites. On the other hand, Mapai activists, more than any other group working in absorption, aspired to "re-educate" the Oriental Jews and speedily mold them into the image of the "new Israeli"—best summed up as an anti-religious, secular, pioneering tiller of the soil. As the dominant political party in the state, Mapai had all the resources at its command for pressuring, as well as attracting, the new immigrants. The party oversaw the state's major absorption bodies on which the new immigrants were dependent: the Jewish Agency, the Moshav Movement, workers councils, employment offices, the Jewish National Fund, HaMashbir HaMerkazi , local mini-markets, neighborhood clinics, and the workers bank . It should also be mentioned, however, that in the first years of Israel's statehood, Mapai fielded more active instructors for assisting the immigrants than any other political party, as well as more people who volunteered their time, energy, and experience in response to their movement's "call up" to aid in absorption. Mapai succeeded in enlisting more agricultural experts, teachers, doctors, nurses, social workers, etc., than all the other groups in Israel combined. Thousands of Mapai party members contributed to the absorption of Oriental Jewry, which included the new immigrants from Yemen.

Compared to Mapai and the Israeli Left in general—Mapam (the Zionist-Socialist party), and especially the two kibbutz movements, Kibbutz Artzi (Mapam), and HaKibbutz HaMeuchad (associated with Mapam, with a small minority from Mapai. Broke away in 1952)—lthe political parties in the center and the right made almost no effort in immigrant absorption, and a number of them even hindered it. Furthermore, at the municipal level where the center and the right held sway—such as in Tel-Aviv under Mayor Israel Rokach and Ramat-Gan under Mayor Abraham Krinitzi—the immigrants were unwanted and pressured to evacuate the city limits.10

Even among religious Jews, there was a severe lack of workers dedicated to receiving and absorbing the immigrants, especially in the first months of statehood in 1948 and 1949. For the most part, the Religious Front turned its back on the people coming from Islamic countries and even discriminated against them. Evidence can be seen in its response to a request by the Chief Sephardi Rabbi, Rabbi Ben-Zion Uziel, who demanded that the party add a representative from Oriental background to a realistic spot on its list of candidates to the First Knesset.11 The Front's leadership consented to a Sephardi representative, but only in the 25th place, knowing that it was considered highly unlikely it would win more than 18–20 mandates (it received only 16).12 In this period, however, almost 200,000 Sephardi Jews dwelt in the country, the majority of whom were religiously observant, and who accounted for one quarter of the electorate.

THE BEGINNING OF THE "AMKA AFFAIR"
Yemenite settlement in the abandoned Arab village of Amka, 12 kilometers south of the Lebanese border, began in November 1949. The Moshav Movement ensured that absorption instructors from established labor settlements would be waiting for the new arrivals, according to the standard operating procedure. These advisors had a two-fold task: first, to introduce the immigrants to Western and Zionist culture, modern education, agriculture, economics, the bureaucratic system, health services, etc.; and second, to induct them into the "correct" ideology and "correct" political framework.

The chief instructor at Amka was Yosef Lukov13 from the veteran moshav of Kfar Vitkin. There can be no doubt that he sacrificed a great deal of his family life in order to assist the Yemenites in the northern settlement. Lukov the "Mapainik" became in effect the village supervisor. Instructors and officials working in the village, as well as the Yemenites themselves, recognized his authority. As a loyal member of his movement and party, Lukov ascertained that the moshav's solitary school would be affiliated with the Labor system and that all the local immigrant children would learn there.

In early January 1950, a female teacher from the Labor system was sent to Amka on Lukov's initiative. The woman, a secular Jew, was expected to take responsibility, single-handedly, for the education of dozens of newly arrived Yemenite children. She was, however, far removed from the parents' expectations.14 We may assume that the Yemenites were angry on two counts: one, the teacher did not observe Jewish religious traditions; and two, she was female. It should be pointed out that she worked alone and that the pedagogic challenge was obviously overwhelming.

In the same period, Achi'ezer (a Haifa-based organization engaged in the religious instruction of immigrant children) dispatched three ultra-orthodox male teachers to Amka to open a school affiliated with Agudat Israel. The initiators of the school claimed that sixty-four pupils, the vast majority of the moshav's children, had been enrolled,15 but, they charged, Labor Movement instructors in the village spared no effort to expel the teachers. In an unsigned letter sent by the Achi'ezer organization to the Minister of Education and Culture, Zalman Shazar (additional copies were also sent to various religious figures), the village supervisor, Yosef Lukov, was charged with violent behavior and the forcible obstruction of the religious school's activity. The letter went on to list beatings, intimidation, and threats on the Yemenite children that were perpetrated by Lukov and his colleagues. It further alleged, "these heroic ëdeeds' were carried out in a blatantly military manner and that all of the local kibbutzim had been ordered to block movement to and from Amka of anyone whose external appearance implied that he was a religious Jew." Furthermore, it was claimed that a Yemenite immigrant, who lived in the Ein Shemer transit camp and had chanced to enter the synagogue at Amka while religious lessons were being taught, "was severely beaten inside the house of worship by the village supervisor, Yosef, and was thrown outside." In the same spirit, Lukov was imputed to have "threatened those villagers who sent their children to the religious school with cancellation of their right to employment"16 and "to have ordered the local general-goods store not to sell anything to the religious teachers." It was further reported that, on 17 January 1950, while religious instruction was being given to adults inside the synagogue, rifle fire was staged outside as though Arabs were attacking the settlement "in order to frighten the teachers and students and disrupt the lesson." In addition, it was asserted that the same morning, during school hours, the village director stormed into the synagogue and "screaming wildly had forcefully pushed the pupils out of the synagogue and in this way abolished instruction at the school."17

THE "RELIGIOUS LABOR SYSTEM"18 ENTERS AMKA
In none of the moshavim linked to the Moshav Movement were immigrant parents allowed the right, enshrined in the 1949 Compulsory Education Law, to choose the education system (General, Labor, Mizrakhi, or Agudat Israel) they felt most appropriate for their children.

In moshavim where a loud demand for religious education was heard, it was agreed to set up a school of the Religious-Labor system that came under the auspices of the education branch of the Labor-dominated Histadrut, whose leaders were, naturally, secular. The heads of the Religious-Labor system, including its leader, Yeshayahu Leibowitz, were well aware that the Moshav Movement had been notoriously frugal in providing for the new immigrants basic religious needs and that the movement's goal was to corral the immigrants into the Labor camp. Nevertheless, the Religious-Labor heads continued to co-operate with the movement. Moreover, much evidence exists that they knew all about the Moshav Movement's anti-religious coercion, as a few examples will suffice to prove. In April 1949, Dr. Yeshayahu Leibowitz wrote to the secretary of the Moshav Movement:

They employ force, threats, and economic discrimination to prevent the settlers from realizing their religious aspirations . . . contrary not only to morality and democracy but also to explicit guarantees and resolutions of the Executive Committee that provide for the religious needs of observant Histadrut members.19

Dr. Leibowitz reiterated his complaint before the Histadrut leaders that "they must be informed of the real situation where the first signs of an Inquisition-style, Stalinist hatred of Judaism and religious repression have cropped up in several places within the Histadrut."20 Perhaps the high-point of Leibowitz's invective against the Moshav Movement was his testimony at the Frumkin Commission (a blue-ribbon committee set up in January 1950 to investigate the education of immigrant children). Appearing before the commission, Dr. Leibowitz affirmed that "there are provocations and subtler forms of dissimulation and deception; and occasionally even cruder, heavier-handed means are taken that employ threats and compulsion. This must be fought against every time it appears."21

Despite the awareness in the Religious-Labor system that it had become a "fig-leaf" for Histadrut-organized General education, the movement's leaders decided to set up shop in the village of Amka. According to statements made on 20 January 1950—almost three months after the Yemenites had arrived on the moshav—only then was it discovered that "the village was religious and that a religious school should be established."22 In January 1950, after the ultra-orthodox Agudat Israel school was already in operation, the first teachers from the Religious-Labor system entered the village. Following this, Religious-Labor heads hastened to report to the Minister of Education that the school system in Amka was now under control. As for the fate of the Agudat Israel classes, it was explained to the minister that the Yemenites had freely decided to abandon them and that one of the Aguda teachers was sitting "in the synagogue without pupils, studying Torah alone."23 But, this report reflected, at best, wishful thinking on the part of the Religious-Labor system.

Unrelated to the Amka Affair, but unmistakably connected to the general, anti-religious coercion of the new immigrants, Dr. Leibowitz, the leader of Religious-Labor, had grown totally discouraged and submitted his resignation.24

SHAZAR'S MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATION AT AMKA
Zalman Shazar, Israel's first Minister of Education and Culture, was a weak administrator who wielded little authority in the education system.25 His influence was negligible in matters of schooling in rural settlements, but this shortcoming did not excuse him from dealing with events at Amka.

Almost one month before the beginning of the Amka Affair, Shazar had been accused, in a written interpolation, by MK David Zvi Pinkas26 (Religious Front), of supporting people in the Workers Movement who were wreaking havoc on the education of immigrant children, perpetrating "moral and inquisitional coercion against Judaism," "attempting to force the to remodel their religion and beliefs," and who were creating a situation that would lead to "the annihilation of religious culture."27 Under relentless pressure from the Religious Front, these incriminations forced the government, in mid-January 1950, to set up the Frumkin Commission to investigate the charges that an anti-religious education system was being imposed on new immigrants.

Nearly two weeks after the establishment of the commission, Shazar received the harsh letter from Achi'ezer about events at Amka. We may assume that this letter did not add to Shazar's sense of well-being. He immediately requested top ministry officials to find out what was going on in the northern immigrant village. Headed by Dr. Avraham Deutsch, Chief Inspector of the Agudat Israel system, and Yakov Halperin, Chief Inspector of the Labor system, the Education Ministry's investigating committee set out for Amka. The commission's results remained a secret internal report and were never published. According to (MK) Meir David Levinstein (Agudat Israel)—who apparently received information about the report from Dr. Deutsch—Lukov told the commission that "even if they received an order ëfrom upstairs' they would not allow a religious school to operate in Amka because it was their family."28 In other words, the moshav was considered to be "an organic part" of the Moshav Movement.

Despite the education inspectors' inquiry, religious circles continued to assert that Shazar was derelict in his role and that the Yemenites were being prevented from schooling their children according to age-old religious educational traditions. Shazar acknowledged that the accusations were accurate—but this admission was made two months after he left the ministry.29 Only then did he speak out vehemently against the Moshav Movement and avow that it had been violating Israel's education laws. In an internal debate in Mapai, he stated candidly: "Regarding the pressure and matters in all of the moshavim, I was habitually at a loss at what to do." He went on to explain at length his basic views, which he had failed to apply while serving as education minister:

. . . I am a great supporter of freedom of individual self-definition, and I declare that a Jew needs to be satisfied with his Judaism in the State of Israel . . . Today the moshavim number iun the hundreds . . . Why do you say that instead of free choice only one type of school can exist? . . . In my opinion this goes completely against the principle anchored in the law concerning systems . . . and I do not understand why the moshavim should be above the jurisdiction of the state.30

Shazar stressed that the Moshav Movement's policy ran counter to the basic foundations of a democratic society. He admitted that, as minister in charge, he had been delinquent in realizing his Jewish and democratic credo to guarantee moshav immigrants the right to choose the type of religious education they preferred.

THE RELIGIOUS FRONT AND THE AMKA AFFAIR
Events at Amka caused much consternation to (MK) Levinstein and the Religious Front's executive.31 Levinstein demanded that not an inch be yielded to Mapai: "We must make the fateful decision of waging war on all fronts . Party relations in the Yishuv act only to our advantage. If we stand firm they will submit because their situation is weaker than ours."32

The indomitable fighting spirit of Levinstein on the Amka issue led to the paradoxical situation of addressing an interpolation to his colleague in the Religious Front leadership, Moshe Shapira, then Minister of the Interior and leader of HaPoel HaMizrakhi (Religious Labor). Levinstein asked Shapira: "Is the honorable gentleman aware that the advisory staff at the village of Amka in the Galilee . . . prohibits entrance into the village of any Jew suspected of being religious? An order to this effect was issued to all of the neighboring settlements religious teachers in Agudat Israel schools at Amka were forced to return to the village by roundabout routes via Arab villages." He ended his indictment with these words: "What does the respected minister intend to do to counteract the attempt to establish an area 'outside the pale' for religious Jews in Israel?"33

It took Shapira one month (30 May 1950) to reply to Levinstein. He insisted, in formal, straightforward language, that no law on the books forbade any settler from entering the village of Amka. He also asserted, somewhat naively, that he had no knowledge "of the appointment of a patron for the villagers of Amka." Shapira further declared, "The settlers of the aforementioned village are free citizens in a free country." Obviously ignoring reality, he stated, "The instructors in the village must educate the settlers for a life of agriculture and labor, but under no circumstances do they have the authority to engage in coercion and arbitrary rule." According to Shapira, Agudat Israel's teachers and school principal should "turn to the Israeli police and ask for protection that the guardians of the law are obligated to provide for every citizen of the state."34

This dialogue between two, apparently deaf parliamentarians, both of them colleagues in the Religious Front, bears witness to the antipodal directions in the party regarding the Amka crisis (and similar situations in other settlements). Levinstein continued to denounce cooperation with a Mapai-led government that uprooted religious immigrants from their cultural wellsprings. On the other hand, the Interior Minister, Moshe Shapira, while cognizant of Levinstein's basically correct accusations, nevertheless defended, to a large degree, the government, the Moshav Movement, and its instructor-proxies. In order to safeguard the coalition, he refused to aggravate the already strained relations with Mapai. Since Shapira and his colleagues had no desire to sever their partnership with the state's dominant political power, they respected the agreement that allotted them "their" share of the immigrants (one-fifth of the moshavim were affiliated with HaPoel HaMizrakhi).

Levinstein condemned not only Shapira's opportunism, but also the moderation displayed by the leaders of religious Zionism. In this vein he also quarreled with the heads of his own party, Agudat Israel, attacking the leadership of the Welfare Minister, Yitzhak Meir Levin. Throughout 1950, Levinstein's ultra-orthodox zeal continued to intensify. It seems that capitulation to anti-religious intimidation at Amka added flames to the passion of his faith. In late 1950, he took part in a putsch carried out by the heads of PAGI (Poalei-Agudat Israel, Jerusalem) against the leadership of Levin and his circle. This takeover resulted in a PAGI split from Agudat Israel. During elections to the Second Knesset (July 1951), Levinstein pledged his support to the PAGI list (called the "Ashkenazi and Sephardi Believers in a United Israel") which, however, failed to attain a single seat.35

THE AMKA AFFAIR IN THE RELIGIOUS PRESS
HaKol , the PAGI newspaper, published more material than any other paper on the Amka Affair. It tended to present radical, ultra-orthodox positions that vilified the Agudat Israel leader, Levin, and his followers for selling out to the Zionists at the price of the "Jewish faith," in order to gain economic remuneration.36

In the Purim (Jewish spring festival) edition of 1950, HaKol published an article on the Amka Affair in the Biblical style of the Book of Esther, entitled "The Book of Amka." The editor's aim was to compare the Biblical book with events in the moshav so that his readers would make the analogy between the Amka Affair and the machinations against the Jews in ancient Persia and Medas. The article opened with an expression common in Jewish sources, "Now it came to pass," that foretells destruction and misery. The author wrote as though he were actually reporting from the moshav:

Now it came to pass, in the first year of the return to Israel from Yemenite Exile, in the fourth month which is the month of Tevet, on the twenty-sixth day of that month, and I am located in Amka which is in the Galilee: the floodgates of lamentation gushed forth from the people's eyes,37 and they wailed a loud and bitter sob, weeping: "Here we have come to this bountiful land, the Land of Our Fathers and the House of the Lord, but how will the child be judged, and the children that God has blessed us with? Shall we deliver them up to Moloch?"

The fate of the children at Amka was being compared, no less, to that of the Children of Israel in the Bible who were sacrificed by immolation to the Canaanite gods.38

Approximately two months later, another article appeared in HaKol about the Amka Affair. This time it related that Amka was only one of many villages where anti-religious abuse had proliferated. "It is most interesting and annoying that the official agencies have completely overlooked what is happening in Amka. The impression one gets is that Amka, and there are more than one Amkas in Israel, is an exterritorial jurisdiction that has been handed over to the exclusive authority of a Histadrut instructor who acts imperiously."39 It should be emphasized that the "official agencies" referred to included all of the members of the Israeli Government, as well as ministers from the Religious Front.

For months, HaKol persisted in publishing information critical of the situation at Amka. On 2 June 1950, an article by "M.H." appeared, entitled: "Amka—the Symbol of the State and the Regime that Governs it." The article stated, inter alia: "The Amka Affair should be taken as a symbol . . . It is the most honest expression of the essence of life in the country and it clearly reflects the foundations upon which the state is based and the direction it is headed." The writer implied that the symbol of the state should be replaced by one that showed "a picture of an abandoned village and underneath it a single printed word: Amka." The article highlighted tales of starvation among families who requested religious education, and alleged that "in the village there is only one source of food supplies: the general-store. And the clerk there refuses to sell to those villagers he holds responsible for the ultra-orthodox school, and he prevents them from procuring food elsewhere and bars them from work." The writer described to his readers, the majority of whom had never set foot inside an immigrant village, that "naturally no private labor is permitted in Amka. All work is organized either by the government or the Jewish Agency, who dole it out according to the whims of the local advisors. Anyone who fails to gain employment—starves to death." According to the journalist's charges, "a number of families at Amka were already lying famished, and if they do not receive immediate assistance they will have to choose between submission to the instructors or death by starvation."

The writer concluded his article with a venomous attack on the Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, and the Minister of Police, Bechor Shitreet:

The most characteristic point in the Amka Affair is not the cruelty perpetrated by a junta of worthless, peanut-sized dictators unbridled in their sadism toward people subject to their merciless authority. It is most illustrative that the government has no intention of intervening. The Prime Minister has promised, however, to request that his party colleagues cease the hooliganism, a promise he has made not as Prime Minister but as head of Mapai, the political party whose agents and instructors are executing these acts of wanton cruelty. The Minister of Police is appointed to safeguard the law and bring its transgressors to justice—but all of them stand aligned against the settlers of Amka. They are the property of Mapai and every owner is permitted to do with his property as he sees fit. If they are maltreated, badgered, and starved—no one is there to heed or protect them.40

One week later, the newspaper announced the start of a large fund-raising drive "for the Amka villagers in their struggle for ultra-orthodox education."41

HaTzofeh , the religious-Zionist newspaper, printed much less than the ultra-orthodox press about the ideological dispute over schooling at Amka. Three months after the first reports appeared in HaKol, a scathing article finally emerged in HaTzofeh. The article's style was extremely aggressive and resembled the most radical ultra-orthodox rhetoric, whose main goal, as we have seen, was to disrupt the coalition government and extricate the ultra-orthodox party. According to HaTzofeh:

The crime was committed by Jews, members of an organized political party who have forced fathers to enroll their children in schools of apostasy . . . Violence becomes a legal weapon in the country. Today threats of starvation and "soft" blows are sufficient— there is no assurance that the same pistol in a violent hand will not begin shooting. Terror knows no borders. It increases with its first "success." The village of Amka is one example of many . Terror has become daily fare. We would advise the Minister of Education and Culture, since he is a member of the party affiliated with the Moshav Movement, to calm the hotheads among the "instructors." We would also remind certain writers in leftist newspapers that expounding against violence should be their profession, and that they should be penning articles against the terror tactics in the village of Amka.42

KNESSET DEBATES ON AMKA
On 5 June 1950, Member of Knesset (MK) Zerach Warhaftig, one of the leaders of HaPoel HaMizrakhi, raised charges in the Knesset similar to those voiced months before, especially by Levinstein. (It will be recalled that, at the time, they were rejected by the head of Warhaftig's faction, Minister of the Interior Moshe Shapira). According to Warhaftig, ample evidence could be shown that, in Mapai-administered settlements, "pressure tactics were being employed for denying livelihood and employment—using the crudest measures" to prevent the children from be sent to religious schools. He mentioned the Amka case, but also cited the villages of Kfar Gilboa and Tarshicha, where "it was forbidden to open a religious school even within the Histadrut framework." Warhaftig concluded his remonstration by asserting:

The historian who will one day write the story of the spiritual-cultural absorption of mass immigration in this period, and particularly the history of immigration from Oriental countries, will relate how there were Jews who stood up and attempted to convert these children to another religion by means of brainwashing. He will title this chapter: "The Edict of Forced Apostasy."43

MK Ami Assaf answered Warhaftig's acerbic accusations, claiming that the charges were merely intended "to throw sand in the eyes." In his opinion, "accusations have been raised without any prior investigation" and, although totally unsubstantiated, they were then disseminated among the new immigrants. As for Amka, Assaf declared, ironically it was Yosef Lukov, so maligned for assaulting religion and tradition, who was actually most instrumental in blocking the spread of missionary books that Christian evangelists had tried to circulate in the village.44

Levinstein, however, was relentless in fanning the flames of the Amka Affair. On 7 June 1950, he announced to the Knesset that he had spoken to Ben-Gurion a number of times, and the Prime Minister had promised him that he would dispatch "a special agent to Amka to correct the infractions." But, Levinstein contended, the Prime Minister had not kept his word. Levinstein now demanded that the Knesset bring to a debate the events at Amka and enact a law stating that "anyone attempting to coerce parents to educate their child against their free will, will be considered as violating the rights of man and committing a crime. Obstruction of employment, too, would be considered an act of compulsion."45

Ben-Gurion replied to Levinstein's charges a week later. He had been caught off-guard, and replied defensively that he was responding to complaints of whose details he had little knowledge. He went on to say that "In effect, neither of us was present at Amka, both of us are relying on hearsay, therefore it is extremely unclear what exactly happened there."46

Despite these introductory remarks, Ben-Gurion was able to tell the Knesset how the Amka Affair originated. He concisely summarized the chain of events, relating to the point that the Yemenites of Amka, as in many other settlements, bickered among themselves over the type of education they desired for their children. In the end,

. . . most of the Yemenite settlers had preferred avoidance of conflict and announced: 'We want neither this school nor that one —we have our own teachers ' . . . The village director called on the Histadrut to dispatch education advisors to break in the Yemenite teachers; then the Histadrut teachers at the school left and the Yemenite teachers took over. He also asked the Aguda teachers —but they refused.

In other words, according to Ben-Gurion, it was Lukov who strove to reach a compromise at Amka and who requested that both the non-Yemenite Labor system teachers and the Agudat Israel teachers, who were European, leave the village for the sake of maintaining the peace. The Labor system teachers agreed and were replaced by teachers of Yemenite background from the Religious-Labor system. Ben-Gurion laconically summed up the affair:

I am not saying that you did not have the right to refuse , but a situation was created that added to the great dissatisfaction of the majority of the local settlers who had no wish to aggravate the conflict that had penetrated from the outside. Since no law forbids this —we found ourselves unable to prevent misery from befalling the new immigrants.47

Regarding the basic questions, Ben-Gurion announced that the government had discussed the Amka Affair, "and other cases in which conflicts had risen by upholding the Education Law—in Tel-Aviv, Rishon LeTzion, etc." He purposely named places not under the control of the Labor Movement, but where the Labor system had complained that other parties had discriminated against them. In conclusion, he promised:

The Government sees its duty to guarantee, with the fullness of its authority and with all means in its power, that the Education Law, as it now exists should be maintained and energetically pursued.48

On the other hand, it is difficult to fathom how the Religious Front, on hearing Ben-Gurion's evasive answer, agreed to continue sitting with him in the Labor-dominated coalition. One might ask how could they have remained partners with Labor once they were made fully aware of the government's shameless behavior toward such a large segment of the religious public. On the other hand, the political coalition of the period must be viewed in its proper perspective. At first the Religious Front tried to reach a solution by direct contact with the Mapai leadership, for they feared that, if they pulled the rope too tightly, Ben-Gurion would exclude them from the coalition and seek an alternative partner (as he did a year later, after the July 1951 elections). They had little doubt about the Prime Minister's options of forming a secular government (with the General Zionists and even with left-wing Mapam, the United Workers Party), in which conditions for the religious sector in the country were likely to become much more confined.

AFTER LUKOV'S DEPARTURE FROM AMKA
The two inspectors, Deutsch and Halperin, sent by Education Minister Shazar to Amka, came to the conclusion that Yosef Lukov should be removed from the village.49 It is not clear when this decision was made or who gave them the authority to make it; whatever the case, Lukov was soon transferred to another immigrant settlement.

At approximately the same time, the Minister of Police, Bechor Shitreet, ordered the Nahariya police to check into the charges made by the Amka Yemenites. Investigation of fellow Yemenites, however, only hurt them more. According to a report in the daily HaBoker based on a statement by Levinstein, "The day after the investigation, an instructor Giladi arrived from the Moshav Movement and ordered six settlers to leave the village."50 Later, roughly ten more "rebellious" families were expelled from Amka because of their demand for ultra-orthodox religious education. The exact number is not known.

THE INTERNAL DEBATE IN MAPAI
Ben-Gurion professed views in closed party forums that entirely different from those he had uttered in the Knesset. In internal Mapai debates, he strongly criticized the anti-religious coercion rampant at Amka. In the party secretariat, he stated unequivocally,

The local Yemenites in the village are being hounded, they wanted an Agudat Israel school, so you starve them, threaten them, and try to force them to shut the school down. Is this the way we should welcome this tribe of Yemenites? Why cannot a Yemenite who so desires, dwell in the village and have a school according to all the rules of the Shulchan Aruch ?

Here Ben-Gurion placed himself outside the party consensus, shed his sense of partisan responsibility, and inveighed against an anonymous "you." "Did you have to raise the whole tribe against us? I do not understand this line of thinking. I cannot comprehend the reckoning of the Movement."51

Half a year later, a major debate took place in Mapai's Political Committee on the question of religious education in the Moshav Movement.52 On one side stood people like Yaakov Halperin (Niv), Israel Guri (Chairman of the Knesset Finance Committee), and Yakov Sarid, three of the pillars of the Education Branch in the Histadrut and the Labor system, along with Ami Assaf, the Knesset representative of the Moshav Movement. On the other side stood Zalman Shazar and David Remez, the first two Ministers of Education, and Ben-Gurion.

Halperin announced with satisfaction and pride that the majority of the immigrants had enrolled their children in Labor system schools.53 Sarid added that, if the majority were attending institutions affiliated with Agudat Israel and Mizrakhi, "they would say to us: 'You are not fulfilling your role'." And he contended, "When we succeed in reaching out to the immigrants, they accuse us of employing tyranny." Israel Guri admitted that some degree of coercion had taken place in bringing immigrant children into the Labor system, but he justified it by claiming, "Fools are not lacking in any sector or party . . . I realized that on occasion our colleagues acted deceitfully. Although this is true, it was not a system . . . Relatively speaking we sinned far less than, not only the Religious systems, but also the General system." Ami Assaf clarified the policy principle of the Moshav Movement, explaining that people in the Religious Front built "a defensive-wall around the child . . . and we will fight this method with all our power." According to Assaf, the use of "land settlement and economic pressure" was legitimate because "in the immigrant moshav two different schools cannot co-exist . . . If there is a basic mish-mash between this and that kind of Jew, I do not know who can accept responsibility for it." Furthermore, he asserted, Agudat Israel had its own moshavim and "it would not enter the mind of any of us to send instructors to these settlements to erect a bridgehead. There are, thank God, enough Jews." Therefore, the idea that children of the same moshav study at regional schools of different systems (secular and religious) was then totally rejected, though it was put into practice many years later.

The Minister of Education, David Remez, adopted the view of his predecessor, Shazar: "The continuation of the status quo tarnishes the Government, disgraces the members of the Government, and undermines the ability to carry out any form of work that may be considered educational." Regarding the Labor-Religious system, the minister claimed that the entire Histadrut-Religious education system was a matter of deception:

It is hypocritical that people who themselves neither pray nor believe in God, the Garden of Eden, and Hell . . . I know that on our soil not one genuine religious school has been set up. If one were established, then a religious member would be sitting there—but there is no such person. A religious school will not sprout on our soil, because it cannot take root there.54

In the same inter-party debate, Ben-Gurion's speech was extraordinary. He admitted that he had heard of many acts of anti-religious coercion toward new immigrants, and by his silence he had given them his assent. Without mincing his words he stated,

The State of Israel, especially in this period, is not permitted to take children of a religiously observant background, who are able to receive a decent religious education, and enroll them in liberal-secular schools . . . I am interested that the Labor Movement should rule Israel not as a dictatorship but by the power of the nation's faith in it. I believe that far too often our colleagues have perpetrated acts of tyranny, coupled with threats of unemployment and expulsion, so that would enroll . I know of these cases, because colleagues have told me about them.

Ben-Gurion further stressed that the people involved in these unlawful means were "colleagues in good standing, honest, upright, and highly motivated people from the agricultural settlements who had acted in pure faith." But, he noted, if people from other parties had done this, "we would have assailed them with all our means." On the other hand, "Our colleagues should not have to be restricted by force, but by inner discipline. They should be convinced not to conduct themselves in this manner." Ben-Gurion foresaw what this was leading to, and he warned, "In my opinion it is disastrous for Israel if its beginning should be based on theft, and this is a case of plundering a person's weakness; if this does not destroy the State of Israel, then it will crush the possibility of workers' hegemony in the country."

It should be pointed out that Ben-Gurion was the last speaker at this session, which adjourned without coming to a decision. His parting words were,

In my eyes, the rights of the child's parent are the determining factor. I can argue with HaMizrakhi and Aguda, but if we do not guarantee a Jew in this state the freedom to educate his child as he sees fit, then this is a country of inquisition, fraud, and flagrant browbeating. Freedom is only freedom when I give it to those who oppose me.

Despite Ben-Gurion's oratory, his words remained, to a large extent, theoretical. The Moshav Movement and the Labor system did not alter their policy.

CONCLUSION
Many "Mapainiks" affiliated with labor settlement had dreamed of quickly converting the Yemenites into "new Jews." They believed that they had been granted the historical mission of speedily assimilating the immigrants into their brand of socialist Zionism. Yosef Lukov and other instructors at Amka were probably motivated by what they felt was the supreme urgency of their mission. But not all of the new immigrants were inclined to remake themselves in the spirit of the early Zionist pioneers. Amka was one example of a group of newcomers that struggled for months against the Labor and Religious-Labor educational systems, and where most eventually succumbed to organized pressure. The minority at Amka that stubbornly held out against the Histadrut schools after being tormented by a spate of pernicious steps (unemployment, starvation, discrimination, etc.) were expelled from the village.

There is no doubt that the struggle at Amka would not have occurred without the massive encouragement (there were those who termed it then, and today, as "incitement") of Agudat Israel. It should be kept in mind that this ultra-orthodox party had many reasons for wrangling, of which soul-saving was but one. There were also outright political interests. Some leaders sought to terminate the Religious Front by dissolving the coalition with Mapai. In my opinion, both motives are essentially the same, especially as Levinstein and HaKol were the lead advocates in the Amka Affair.

Compared to ultra-orthodox extremists like Levinstein, the leaders of Religious-Zionism were much more compromising. They felt themselves wedged between the hammer and the nail. While a minority demanded condemnation, most dreaded a break-up of the coalition. It seems that they preferred to turn a blind eye to the whole affair, since the Yemenites, if the truth must be said, were far removed from the heart of their interests. It is highly unlikely that they would have ignored events to the same degree had they involved religiously observant immigrants from Eastern or Western Europe.

Yemenite parents who insisted on ultra-orthodox education at Amka ultimately yielded to pressure, and the Amka Affair has remained a malignant stain for segments of Israeli society. For ultra-orthodox Jewry and many citizens of Yemenite background, it lies embedded in their consciousness as one of the travesties committed against them.55

Aharon Sorasky, an historian of ultra-orthodox education, summarized the context of Amka-like phenomena that transpired in the first years of the state:

Immediately upon the Yemenite Jews' arrival through the "Magic Carpet" operation in 1949, instructors from secular kibbutzim and left-wing parties embarked on a witch-hunt and transferred tens of thousands of Kosher Israelite children to the secular Moloch, by means of coercion and horrendous alienation . . . The vast majority of this glorious ancient Jewish tribe, like other tribes of new immigrants, was extirpated from the holy community present at Mt. Sinai . . .56

Sorasky's description is only one of many that portrays the harm done by the secular-left to Oriental Jewish tradition and immigrant children, and it is still a painful topic for many ultra-orthodox Jews. The main culprits are the kibbutzim, who were regarded by the ultra-orthodox as the secular avant-garde, even though the Moshav Movement was more active in absorption than the Kibbutz Movement. According to ultra-orthodox historiography, religious people made exhaustive "rescue" efforts, but the historical truth reveals that few ultra-orthodox and only a small percentage of traditionally observant people actually devoted themselves to combating secular-Zionist education.

Finally, no other country in the twentieth century that was inundated with such massive immigration performed a similar miracle of absorbing hundreds of thousands of arrivals within a matter of a few years. For this reason alone the story of mass immigration to Israel should not only be criticized but also appreciated.57 Thousands of dedicated workers and volunteers made superhuman efforts to receive the flood of immigrants. Lest it be forgotten, the majority of the instructors hailed from the Workers Movement, and it was this movement, throughout the history of Zionism, that had habitually taken responsibility for "national assignments." The Moshav Movement was the social sector most active in absorption operations, and for this reason it deserves a place of honor.

On the other hand, the negative reality cannot be denied. The glorious chapter of absorption, particularly in the idealistic-pioneering movement, often gave way to aggressive and frenzied conduct that at times rode roughshod over human rights and left in its wake turmoil and destruction of religious values and faith. It seems that, for the foreseeable future, the country will continue to pay the price for the short-sighted educational-cultural approach to absorption by political figures, advisors, and teachers, especially toward religious immigrants from Islamic countries.

Nevertheless, even Moshe Unna, one of the leading figures in both the Religious Front and HaPoel HaMizrakhi, as well as a Knesset Member at the time, wrote two decades after the events at Amka:

After all the effort at presenting the absorption of immigrants from Oriental countries as evil machination . . . things must be put in their truthful perspective; the very acceptance of mass immigration into the country by the Yishuv . . . should be placed—despite all the negative phenomena that accompanied the deed—in the same category as the heroic deeds carried out in illegal immigration and during the War of Independence. What took place in immigrant absorption was linked to human devotion, to the point of self-sacrifice by hundreds, perhaps, thousands, of people. For years they dedicated their life's work to instructing the immigrants in new settlements as though it were a sacred task.58

NOTES
1.Ý Based on the Compulsory Education Bill of 1949, Israel's education system was divided into four subsidiary systems,—two secular and two religious—that are affiliated with political movements. The Arab Educational system has always been separate.

2.Ý The Religious Front was made up of four religious parties: HaMizrakhi, HaPoel HaMizrakhi, Agudat Israel, and Poalei Agudat Israel. The list held sixteen seats (out of 120) in the First Knesset. Its three ministers were: Rabbi Yehuda Leib Maimon (HaMizrakhi), Moshe Shapira (HaPoel HaMizrakhi), and Yitzhak Meir Levin (Agudat Israel).

3.Ý Uziel O. Schmelz, "Mass Immigration from Asia and North Africa: Demographic Aspects," Pe'amim, 39 (1989) 15–63 .

4.Ý The source of the name is: "And I will lift ye on the wings of eagles and carry ye to me." A common error is to refer to this wave of immigration as "Operation Magic Carpet" (the operation that brought Persian Jewry to Israel). For the origin of the name for Yemenite Jewry's immigration, see Yehuda Niny, Yemenite Jews (Tel-Aviv, 1988) 84 .

5.Ý Ibid., 23.

6.Ý See Yitchak Koren, The Settlement of the Immigrants' Affair (Tel-Aviv, August 1950) 6 .

7.Ý In November 1948, the total population on workers' moshavim of all systems was 30,142, and on the kibbutzim, 54,200. By the end of 1953, the moshavim had almost tripled their membership (88,863), while the kibbutzim increased to 73,229. In January 1954, the moshavim accounted for 52 per cent of labor settlement in comparison to 27 per cent prior to statehood. In other words they accounted for nearly 6 per cent of the population. See Yitchak Koren, The Ingathering of Exiles in Their Settlements—A History of the Workers Moshavim in Israel (Tel-Aviv, 1964) 86 .

8.Ý According to Dov Levitan in a lecture at Yad Ben-Zvi in Jerusalem (March 1992), this accounted for 67.5 per cent (23 out of 35) of labor villages and 74 per cent of the moshavim (20 out of 27). The data was later published in his article "The Departure of the Yemenites from the Immigrant Camps," Tima, 5 (Tevet, 1996) 145–68 .

9.Ý According to Yitchak Koren, "They remained detached from the veteran community and from events in the country. The new moshavim, especially in the first period, resembled lone islands in the stormy sea of a nation being recreated." Koren, "The Workers Moshavim and Their Method of Development," Instructors Guide 7, Department for Youth and Pioneering, (Jerusalem, Elul 1957) 44 .

10.Ý See, Devorah Hacohen, Immigration in the Storm, The Great Immigration and its Absorption in Israel 1948–1953 (Jerusalem, 1994) 255 .

11.Ý The term "Sephardi" is used to distinguish Jews from Spanish or Arab origins, speaking Ladino or Arabic from those whose origins are European or "western" (Ashkenazi). They are also sometimes referred to as "Oriental" Jews.

12.Ý See Rabbi Uziel Archives, 887/P2, letter from 16 November 1950 (25 Kislev), Israel State Archives .

13.Ý Yosef Lukov (1900–1987), son of a rabbi, was born in Russia and immigrated to Israel in 1922. He was one of the founders of the agricultural settlement, Kfar Vitkin. He was appointed head instructor at Amka and later filled the same post in other immigrant moshavim.

14.Ý See letters of Moshe Ben-Nahum and Yeshayahu Leibowitz to Minister Shazar, 9 February 1950. Rabbi Uziel Archives, 2/887/P, ISA.

15.Ý Professor Yehuda Niny sent me a letter (see n. 9) in which he related that the village was parceled according to families and places of origin in Yemen, and that from Amka's inception internecine rivalry developed, not only over matters of education, but also over village leadership.

16.Ý In a number of interviews that I conducted in Amka on 17 December 2000, I collected testimony from Binyamin Shapira (b. 1937), Moshe David (b. 1938) and his wife Tzivia (b. 1941), and also Hasan Levy (b. 1909). All of them told of the intimidation of Yemenite parents who wanted their children to attend a religious school . They all recounted that one of the main threats, unemployment, was sometimes carried out. Tzivia recalled that she was nine years old when she began her schooling at Amka. She remembers how, one day, "they" broke into the classroom and threw out the ultra-orthodox teacher and dragged him humiliatingly down the main street. I wish to express my sincerest gratitude to Binyamin Yogev from Kibbutz Beit HaEmek for organizing the interviews at Amka and participating in them.

17.Ý Rabbi Uziel Archives, 887/2P, ISA. This is a copy of the letter sent to the Minister of Education and Culture, Zalman Shazar, bearing the date 1 February 1950, which was brought to Rabbi Benzion Uziel.

18.Ý On the Religious-Labor system, see my article, "The Religious-Labor System—The History of an Unsuccessful Attempt at Building a Bridge between Secular and Religious Jews," in Ariye Kasher and Rina Shapira (eds), Reshafim: Historical, Philosophical, and Sociological Aspects of Education (Tel-Aviv, 1991) 121–54 .

19.Ý Letter to Zvi Yehuda of the Moshav Movement, 7 September 1949, Division 208VI, Temporary Box 5497, Labor Archives .

20.Ý Letter to Chaskin and Lin, 30 November 1949, Division 208VI, Temporary Box 5497, LA.

21.Ý On the Frumkin Commission and Dr. Leibowitz's testimony, see my book, The Melting Pot: The Frumkin Commission on the Education of Immigrant Children (1950) (Kiryat Sde-Boker, 1993) . A newly updated version of the book is currently being published by SUNY publications. Dr. Leibowitz's full testimony before the committee appears on pages 172–3.

22.Ý Letter from Moshe Ben-Nahum and Dr. Leibowitz to Shazar, 9 February 1950, Rabbi Uziel Archives, 887/2P, ISA.

23.Ý Ibid.

24.Ý See the daily Ha'aretz, 9 March 1950 .

25Ý See Zvi Zameret, Across a Narrow Bridge, Education in Israel in the First Years of the State (Kiryat Sde-Boker, 1997) 165–70 .

26.Ý In the Second Knesset (July 1951), David Zvi Pinkas (1895–1952) served as Minister of Transportation. Due to the harsh economic conditions during this period and an accompanying oil shortage, he proposed slapping a ban on travel on the Sabbath. This led to an assassination attempt on him by young secular-leftists. The attack failed, but he died shortly afterwards, having been in office less than a year.

27.Ý On the Frumkin Commission, see my book, Days of the Melting Pot; the quotations are from MK Pinkas, 44.

28.Ý The Religious Kibbutz Archives, Kvutzat Yavne, Unna Archives. The quotations are from MK Moshe David Levinstein, a member of the Religious Front executive, the meeting took place on 13 February (26 Shvat) 1950.

29.Ý On this subject, see my book, On a Narrow Bridge, 165.

30.Ý Mapai Archives, Beit Berl , Meetings, Mapai Political Committee, 31 December 1950.

31.Ý Moshe David Levinstein, one of the three Agudat Israel representatives in the Provisional Government, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, (together with Yitzhak Meir Levin). In the Provisional State Council and street posters, he expressed his reservations over the "secular content and shape" of the declaration. Within the party, he was constantly at odds with Levin, who was more inclined to co-operate with Ben-Gurion.

32.Ý Religious Kibbutz Archives, Kvutzat Yavne, Unna Archives, material on the leadership of the Religious Front, 13 February 1950.

33.Ý Knesset Proceedings, Vol. V, 1699 .

34.Ý Ibid.

35.Ý See Yosef Fund, Division or Partnership? Agudat Israel Versus Zionism and the State of Israel (Jerusalem, 1999) 235–7 .

36.Ý This is based on Yosef Fund's article, "The Zionist View in the Agudat Israel Press," Kesher, 9 May 1991, 87–8 .

37.Ý There is an obvious parallel here with the first verse in the Book of Ezekiel: "In the thirteenth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I was among the exiles by the river Chebar, the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God" (Ezekiel 1:1).

38.Ý HaKol, Purim Edition 1950, 3 March 1950.

39.Ý HaKol, 1 May 1950.

40.Ý Ibid., 2 June (17 Sivan) 1950.

41.Ý Ibid., 9 June 1950.

42.Ý HaTzofeh, 10 May 1950.

43.Ý Knesset Proceedings, Vol. V, 1600.

44.Ý Ibid., 1601.

45.Ý Ibid., 1656.

46.Ý Ibid., 1723–5.

47.Ý Ibid.

48.Ý Ibid.

49.Ý HaKol, 2 June 1950. On the pressure to have Lukov transferred to another immigrant moshav, see note 14, above.

50.Ý HaBoker, 8 June 1950.

51.Ý Mapai Secretariat, 1 June 1950, BB.

52.Ý Meeting, Mapai Political Department, 31 December 1950, BB.

53.Ý On the immense growth of the Labor system during the period of mass immigration, and the enticement and browbeating of the majority of immigrant children into the system's schools, see my book, Across a Narrow Bridge, especially 21–7, 194–7.

54.Ý Histadrut Education Council, Division VI 215, file 20, LA. Hayuta Busel of Kibbutz Degania proudly reported to the Histadrut Education Council on 7 December 1950 "how a female member from Degania would go up to Poria every week to assist teachers from the Religious-Labor system, otherwise the school would have fallen into the hands of Agudat Israel or HaMizrakhi. She instructed the young teachers in the right spirit ."

55.Ý See especially Yehuda Niny, Were You There or Was I Dreaming?—The Yemenites of Kineret, An Incident of Settlement and Uprooting 1912–1930 (Tel-Aviv 1996) . This is the story of an agricultural village by the Sea of Galilee, where, twenty years earlier, Ashkenazi settlers had displayed brazen racial and ethnic discrimination toward the Yemenite workers there. Incidents at Kineret have lately received extensive historical coverage and have been made into a television movie and theatrical performance.

56.Ý Aharon Sorasky, The History of Jewish Religious in the Modern Period (Bnei Brak, 1967) 273 .

57.Ý See Yosef Gorny, "The Miracle of the Mass Immigration," in Mordechai Naor (ed), Immigrants and Transit Camps 1948–1952 (Jerusalem, 1987) 2–8 .

58.Ý Moshe Unna, Separate Paths, A Study of the Religious Parties of Israel on the Eve of the Establishment of the State and in the First and Second Knessets (Alon-Shvut, 1984) 189 .

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